{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T21:40:01Z","timestamp":1778362801692,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]],"date-time":"2020-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000883","name":"University of Bristol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000883","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit","award":["MC_UU_12013\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UU_12013\/1"]}]},{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit","award":["MC_UU_12013\/9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UU_12013\/9"]}]},{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit","award":["MC_UU_00011\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UU_00011\/1"]}]},{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit","award":["MC_UU_00011\/5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UU_00011\/5"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011696","name":"The Scar Free Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011696","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economics and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Future Research Leaders","award":["ES\/N000757\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/N000757\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["108902\/B\/15\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108902\/B\/15\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007921","name":"University of Pittsburgh","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-DE016148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DE016148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["X01-HG00784"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X01-HG00784"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-DE016930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DE016930"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21-DE012472"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21-DE012472"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-DE011931"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DE011931"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"New Investigator Research","award":["MR\/S009310\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/S009310\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous studies have found that children born with a non-syndromic orofacial cleft have lower-than-average educational attainment. Differences could be due to a genetic predisposition to low intelligence and academic performance, factors arising due to the cleft phenotype (such as social stigmatization, impaired speech\/language development) or confounding by the prenatal environment. A clearer understanding of this mechanism will inform interventions to improve educational attainment in individuals born with a cleft, which could substantially improve their quality of life. We assessed evidence for the hypothesis that common variant genetic liability to non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (nsCL\/P) influences educational attainment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of nsCL\/P with 1692 nsCL\/P cases and 4259 parental and unrelated controls. Using GWAS summary statistics, we performed Linkage Disequilibrium (LD)-score regression to estimate the genetic correlation between nsCL\/P, educational attainment (GWAS n\u2009=\u2009766\u00a0345) and intelligence (GWAS n\u2009=\u2009257\u00a0828). We used two-sample Mendelian randomization to evaluate the causal effects of genetic liability to nsCL\/P on educational attainment and intelligence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There was limited evidence for shared genetic aetiology or causal relationships between nsCL\/P and educational attainment [genetic correlation (rg) \u22120.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) \u22120.12 to 0.01, P 0.13; MR estimate (\u03b2MR) \u22120.002, 95% CI \u22120.009 to 0.006, P 0.679) or intelligence (rg \u22120.04, 95% CI \u22120.13 to 0.04, P 0.34; \u03b2MR \u22120.009, 95% CI \u22120.02 to 0.002, P 0.11).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Common variants are unlikely to predispose individuals born with nsCL\/P to low educational attainment or intelligence. This is an important first step towards understanding the aetiology of low educational attainment in this group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]],"date-time":"2020-03-06T07:21:37Z","timestamp":1583479297000},"page":"1282-1293","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Cleft lip\/palate and educational attainment: cause, consequence or correlation? A Mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2019-7897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Dardani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurence J","family":"Howe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nandita","family":"Mukhopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evie","family":"Stergiakouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"},{"name":"The Cleft Collective, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Wren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Cleft Collective, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"},{"name":"Bristol Speech and Language Therapy Research Unit, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kerry","family":"Humphries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Cleft Collective, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Cleft Collective, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Cleft Collective, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"},{"name":"Bristol Bioresource Laboratories, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seth M","family":"Weinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary L","family":"Marazita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Mangold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kerstin U","family":"Ludwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline L","family":"Relton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1407-8314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Davey Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah J","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"},{"name":"The Cleft Collective, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Sandy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Cleft Collective, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"},{"name":"Dean of the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2460-0508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil M","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gemma C","family":"Sharp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"},{"name":"The Cleft Collective, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B1","year":"2017"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1597\/14-242","article-title":"Speech, language, and reading in 10-Year-Olds with cleft: associations with teasing, satisfaction with speech, and psychological adjustment","volume":"54","author":"Feragen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cleft Palate-Craniofac J"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1597\/14-178","article-title":"\u2018It doesn\u2019t all just stop at 18\u2019: psychological adjustment and support needs of adults born with cleft lip and\/or palate","volume":"52","author":"Stock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cleft Palate-Craniofac J"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.0403.287","article-title":"Intellectual impairment in children with cleft palates","volume":"4","author":"Goodstein","year":"1961","journal-title":"J Speech Hear Res"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B5","first-page":"21","article-title":"Reading disability in children with clefts","volume":"25","author":"Richman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B6","first-page":"4","article-title":"Behavior and achievement of cleft palate children","volume":"13","author":"Richman","year":"1976","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.31.158.300","article-title":"The intelligence of children with cleft palate","volume":"31","author":"Illingworth","year":"1956","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569_1998_035_0127_ldsaag_2.3.co_2","article-title":"Learning disability, school achievement, and grade retention among children with cleft: a two-center study","volume":"35","author":"Broder","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cleft Palate-Craniofac J"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsp047","article-title":"Reading in children with orofacial clefts versus controls","volume":"35","author":"Collett","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20433","article-title":"Use of special education services by children with orofacial clefts","volume":"82","author":"Yazdy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Birth Defect Res A"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1597\/09-047","article-title":"Academic achievement in individuals with cleft: a population-based register study","volume":"49","author":"Persson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cleft Palate-Craniofac J"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3072","article-title":"Academic achievement of children and adolescents with oral clefts","volume":"133","author":"Wehby","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-308358","article-title":"Children with oral clefts are at greater risk for persistent low achievement in school than classmates","volume":"100","author":"Wehby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsu049","article-title":"Academic achievement in children with oral clefts versus unaffected siblings","volume":"39","author":"Collett","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-313777","article-title":"Early academic achievement in children with isolated clefts: a population-based study in England","volume":"103","author":"Fitzsimons","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-017-0279-y","article-title":"The causal effects of education on health outcomes in the UK Biobank","volume":"2","author":"Davies","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1965.tb00500.x","article-title":"The inheritance of liability to certain diseases, estimated from the incidence among relatives","volume":"29","author":"Falconer","year":"1965","journal-title":"Ann Hum Genet"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1597\/10-237","article-title":"Neuropsychological, behavioral, and academic sequelae of cleft: early developmental, school age, and adolescent\/young adult outcomes","volume":"49","author":"Richman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cleft Palate-Craniofac J"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.161.8.753","article-title":"Abnormal brain structure in children with isolated clefts of the lip or palate","volume":"161","author":"Nopoulos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073816681257","article-title":"The relationship of exposure to anesthesia on outcomes in children with isolated oral clefts","volume":"32","author":"Conrad","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2015.04.024","article-title":"Frequency and socio-psychological impact of taunting in school-age patients with cleft lip-palate surgical repair","volume":"79","author":"Lorot-Marchand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B22","first-page":"360","article-title":"Parents and teachers: differing views of behavior of cleft palate children","volume":"15","author":"Richman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12112","article-title":"The Cleft Care UK study. Part 4: Perceptual speech outcomes","volume":"18","author":"Sell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569(2003)040<0460:PPALSO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Phonetic, phonological, and language skills of children with a cleft palate","volume":"40","author":"Morris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cleft Palate-Craniofac J"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1007501","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007501","article-title":"Investigating the shared genetics of non-syndromic cleft lip\/palate and facial morphology","volume":"14","author":"Howe","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3211","article-title":"LD Score regression distinguishes confounding from polygenicity in genome-wide association studies","volume":"47","author":"Bulik-Sullivan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R89","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu328","article-title":"Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies","volume":"23","author":"Davey Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg070","article-title":"Mendelian randomization\u2019: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?","volume":"32","author":"Davey Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.506","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identifies two susceptibility loci for nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate","volume":"42","author":"Mangold","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2360","article-title":"Genome-wide meta-analyses of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate identify six new risk loci","volume":"44","author":"Ludwig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq340","article-title":"METAL: fast and efficient meta-analysis of genomewide association scans","volume":"26","author":"Willer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1046\/J.1469-1809.2005.00156.x","article-title":"Integrating case-control and TDT studies","volume":"69","author":"Kazeem","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Hum Genet"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0147-3","article-title":"Gene discovery and polygenic prediction from a genome-wide association study of educational attainment in 1.1 million individuals","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.107","article-title":"Predicting educational achievement from DNA","volume":"22","author":"Selzam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.244","article-title":"GWAS meta-analysis reveals novel loci and genetic correlates for general cognitive function: a report from the COGENT consortium","volume":"22","author":"Trampush","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15393","article-title":"A global reference for human genetic variation","volume":"526","author":"Gibbs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw613","article-title":"LD Hub: a centralized database and web interface to perform LD score regression that maximizes the potential of summary level GWAS data for SNP heritability and genetic correlation analysis","volume":"33","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34408","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34408","article-title":"The MR-Base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome","volume":"7","author":"Hemani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv080","article-title":"Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression","volume":"44","author":"Bowden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21965","article-title":"Consistent estimation in Mendelian randomization with some invalid instruments using a weighted median estimator","volume":"40","author":"Bowden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx102","article-title":"Robust inference in summary data Mendelian randomization via the zero modal pleiotropy assumption","volume":"46","author":"Hartwig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan6877","article-title":"The nature of nurture: effects of parental genotypes","volume":"359","author":"Kong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science (80"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7275","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1801238115","article-title":"Genetic analysis of social-class mobility in five longitudinal studies","volume":"115","author":"Belsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2009\/08-0083)","article-title":"Twenty-year follow-up of children with and without speech-language impairments: family, educational, occupational, and quality of life outcomes","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Speech-Lang Pathol"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1597\/05-080","article-title":"Self-reports of psychosocial functioning among children and young adults with cleft lip and palate","volume":"43","author":"Hunt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2007.03.003","article-title":"Bullying, education and earnings: evidence from the National Child Development Study","volume":"27","author":"Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"Econ Educ Rev"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B47","first-page":"204","article-title":"Teachers\u2019 perspectives on the impact of cleft lip and\/or palate during the school years","author":"Stock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cleft Palate-Craniofac J"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1597\/15-206","article-title":"National estimates of and risk factors for inpatient revision surgeries for orofacial clefts","volume":"54","author":"Thompson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cleft Palate-Craniofac J"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e318167ad77","article-title":"An assessment of the effects of general anesthetics on developing brain structure and neurocognitive function","volume":"106","author":"Loepke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2012.10.008","article-title":"Current concepts on the effect of environmental factors on cleft lip and palate","volume":"42","author":"Molina-Solana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt172","article-title":"Prenatal alcohol exposure and offspring cognition and school performance: a \u2018Mendelian randomization\u2019 natural experiment","volume":"42","author":"Zuccolo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckx074","article-title":"Maternal smoking during pregnancy and scholastic achievement in childhood: evidence from the LIFECOURSE cohort study","volume":"27","author":"Kristjansson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20614","article-title":"Socioeconomic measures, orofacial clefts, and conotruncal heart defects in California","volume":"85","author":"Carmichael","year":"2009","journal-title":"Birth Defect Res A"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.118216","article-title":"Best (but oft-forgotten) practices: the design, analysis, and interpretation of Mendelian randomization studies","volume":"103","author":"Haycock","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k601","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k601","article-title":"Reading Mendelian randomisation studies: a guide, glossary, and checklist for clinicians","volume":"362","author":"Davies","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14038","article-title":"Assessing causal relationships using genetic proxies for exposures: an introduction to Mendelian randomization","volume":"113","author":"Katikireddi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1213","article-title":"Nonsyndromic cleft palate: an association study at GWAS candidate loci in a multiethnic sample","volume":"110","author":"Ishorst","year":"2018","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00067","article-title":"Epidemiology, etiology, and treatment of isolated cleft palate","volume":"7","author":"Burg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12388","article-title":"School performance for children with cleft lip and palate: a population-based study","volume":"43","author":"Bell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1597\/15-185","article-title":"Oral clefts and academic performance in adolescence: the impact of anesthesia-related neurotoxicity, timing of surgery, and type of oral clefts","volume":"54","author":"Clausen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cleft Palate-Craniofac J"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20162662","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2662","article-title":"Laterality of oral clefts and academic achievement","volume":"139","author":"Gallagher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.38210","article-title":"Association studies of low-frequency coding variants in nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate","volume":"173","author":"Leslie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet Part Genet"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.114.165225","article-title":"Whole exome sequencing of distant relatives in multiplex families implicates rare variants in candidate genes for oral clefts","volume":"197","author":"Bureau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040802691120","article-title":"Neuropsychological functioning in children with non-syndromic cleft of the lip and\/or palate","volume":"15","author":"Conrad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000024","article-title":"Reading in subjects with an oral cleft: speech, hearing and neuropsychological skills","volume":"28","author":"Conrad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1597\/04-128r.1","article-title":"Spontaneous verbal labeling: visual memory and reading ability in children with cleft","volume":"42","author":"Richman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cleft Palate-Craniofac J"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1597\/14-306","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges in establishing a cohort study: an example from cleft lip\/palate research in the United Kingdom","volume":"53","author":"Stock","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cleft Palate-Craniofac J"},{"key":"2020111211324191700_dyaa047-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12364","article-title":"Setting up a cohort study in speech and language therapy: lessons from The UK Cleft Collective Speech and Language (CC-SL) study","volume":"53","author":"Wren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Lang Commun Disord"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article-pdf\/49\/4\/1282\/34275846\/dyaa047.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article-pdf\/49\/4\/1282\/34275846\/dyaa047.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T13:11:07Z","timestamp":1605186667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article\/49\/4\/1282\/5830896"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyaa047","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/434126","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0300-5771","1464-3685"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-5771","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-3685","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]}}}