{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:13:02Z","timestamp":1790856782829,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NPRP","award":["9-040-3-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9-040-3-008"]}]},{"name":"NPRP","award":["12S-0216-190094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12S-0216-190094"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008982","name":"Qatar National Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Egypt is the nation most affected by hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, following an epidemic of historic proportions. We aimed to characterize the epidemic\u2019s historical evolution and to delineate the role of parenteral antischistosomal therapy (PAT) campaigns in transmission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A mathematical model was constructed and analysed in order to understand HCV-transmission dynamics. The model was fitted to Egypt\u2019s Demographic and Health Survey data and to a systematic database of HCV-prevalence data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The incidence rate peaked in 1966 at 15.7 infections per 1000 person-years\u2014a period of time that coincides with the PAT campaigns\u2014and rapidly declined thereafter, beginning the mid-1990s. The annual number of new infections peaked in 1993 at 581\u00a0200 (with rapid demographic growth), leading to a high-incidence-cohort effect, and declined to 67\u00a0800 by 2018. The number of individuals ever infected (1950\u20132018) was 16.4 million, with HCV prevalence peaking in 1979. The number of individuals ever exposed to PAT was 8.3 million; however, of these individuals, 7.3 million were alive in 1980 and only 3.5 million alive in 2018. The number of individuals ever infected due to PAT exposure was 963\u00a0900, with 850\u00a0200 individuals alive in 1980 and only 389\u00a0800 alive in 2018. The proportion of PAT-attributed prevalent infections peaked at 19.9% in 1972, declining to 5.5% by 2018.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PAT campaigns played an important role in HCV transmission, yet explain only 6% of infections\u2014they appear to be a manifestation, rather than a cause, of the epidemic. A possible driver of the epidemic could be the mass expansion of inadequate-quality healthcare during PAT campaigns and subsequent decades. Despite a historic toll, the epidemic has been rapidly diminishing since the mid-1990s.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]],"date-time":"2020-03-10T16:28:41Z","timestamp":1583857721000},"page":"798-809","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Characterizing the historical role of parenteral antischistosomal therapy in hepatitis C virus transmission in Egypt"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Houssein H","family":"Ayoub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiam","family":"Chemaitelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silva P","family":"Kouyoumjian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laith J","family":"Abu-Raddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020080101273208600_dyaa052-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30579-7","article-title":"The global burden of viral hepatitis from 1990 to 2013: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"388","author":"Stanaway","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020080101273208600_dyaa052-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61116-2","article-title":"Acute hepatitis C","volume":"372","author":"Maheshwari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020080101273208600_dyaa052-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70216-4","article-title":"Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"5","author":"Shepard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020080101273208600_dyaa052-B4","year":"2017"},{"key":"2020080101273208600_dyaa052-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)06527-7","article-title":"The role of parenteral antischistosomal therapy in the spread of hepatitis C virus in Egypt","volume":"355","author":"Frank","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020080101273208600_dyaa052-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17936-4","article-title":"Characterizing hepatitis C virus epidemiology in Egypt: systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and meta-regressions","volume":"8","author":"Kouyoumjian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2020080101273208600_dyaa052-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27248","article-title":"Abu-Raddad LJ. 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