{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:28:50Z","timestamp":1792794530662,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]],"date-time":"2020-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/M005070\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/M005070\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SZ-245 50371-GLUCOSEGENES-FP7-IDEAS-ERC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZ-245 50371-GLUCOSEGENES-FP7-IDEAS-ERC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["323195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["323195"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Diabetes UK RD Lawrence","award":["17\/0005594"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17\/0005594"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/050rgn017","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["104150\/Z\/14\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104150\/Z\/14\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000691","name":"Academy of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"British Heart Foundation and Diabetes UK","award":["SBF004\\1079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SBF004\\1079"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/050rgn017","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is associated with multiple risk factors but determining causality is difficult. We used a genetic approach [Mendelian randomization (MR)] to identify potential causal modifiable risk factors for GORD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used data from 451\u2009097 European participants in the UK Biobank and defined GORD using hospital-defined ICD10 and OPCS4 codes and self-report data (N\u2009=\u200941\u2009024 GORD cases). We tested observational and MR-based associations between GORD and four adiposity measures [body mass index (BMI), waist\u2013hip ratio (WHR), a metabolically favourable higher body-fat percentage and waist circumference], smoking status, smoking frequency and caffeine consumption.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Observationally, all adiposity measures were associated with higher odds of GORD. Ever and current smoking were associated with higher odds of GORD. Coffee consumption was associated with lower odds of GORD but, among coffee drinkers, more caffeinated-coffee consumption was associated with higher odds of GORD. Using MR, we provide strong evidence that higher WHR and higher WHR adjusted for BMI lead to GORD. There was weak evidence that higher BMI, body-fat percentage, coffee drinking or smoking caused GORD, but only the observational effects for BMI and body-fat percentage could be excluded. This MR estimated effect for WHR equates to a 1.23-fold higher odds of GORD per 5-cm increase in waist circumference.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results provide strong evidence that a higher waist\u2013hip ratio leads to GORD. Our study suggests that central fat distribution is crucial in causing GORD rather than overall weight.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]],"date-time":"2020-05-26T15:10:32Z","timestamp":1590505832000},"page":"1270-1281","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Genetic evidence that higher central adiposity causes gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a Mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Harry D","family":"Green","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK"},{"name":"IBD Pharmacogenetics, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin N","family":"Beaumont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, 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