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Evidence on socioeconomic impacts is important to understand because it can help governments, policy makers and decision makers allocate resources efficiently and effectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used Mendelian randomization to estimate the causal effects of eight health conditions (asthma, breast cancer, coronary heart disease, depression, eczema, migraine, osteoarthritis, type 2 diabetes) and five health risk factors [alcohol intake, body mass index (BMI), cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, smoking] on 19 social and socioeconomic outcomes in 336\u00a0997 men and women of White British ancestry in UK Biobank, aged between 39 and 72\u2009years. Outcomes included annual household income, employment, deprivation [measured by the Townsend deprivation index (TDI)], degree-level education, happiness, loneliness and 13 other social and socioeconomic outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results suggested that BMI, smoking and alcohol intake affect many socioeconomic outcomes. For example, smoking was estimated to reduce household income [mean difference = -\u00a322\u00a0838, 95% confidence interval (CI): -\u00a331\u00a0354 to -\u00a314\u00a0321] and the chance of owning accommodation [absolute percentage change (APC) = -20.8%, 95% CI: -28.2% to -13.4%], of being satisfied with health (APC = -35.4%, 95% CI: -51.2% to -19.5%) and of obtaining a university degree (APC = -65.9%, 95% CI: -81.4% to -50.4%), while also increasing deprivation (mean difference in TDI = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.02 to 2.44, approximately 216% of a decile of TDI). There was evidence that asthma decreased household income, the chance of obtaining a university degree and the chance of cohabiting, and migraine reduced the chance of having a weekly leisure or social activity, especially in men. For other associations, estimates were null.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher BMI, alcohol intake and smoking were all estimated to adversely affect multiple social and socioeconomic outcomes. Effects were not detected between health conditions and socioeconomic outcomes using Mendelian randomization, with the exceptions of depression, asthma and migraines. This may reflect true null associations, selection bias given the relative health and age of participants in UK Biobank, and\/or lack of power to detect effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,10]],"date-time":"2020-06-10T15:13:05Z","timestamp":1591801985000},"page":"1661-1681","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["The causal effects of health conditions and risk factors on social and socioeconomic outcomes: Mendelian randomization in UK Biobank"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7966-0700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean","family":"Harrison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"},{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alisha R","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Evaluation Division, Public Health Wales NHS Trust, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Dickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Policy Research, University of Bath, Bath, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9256-6065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Tyrrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building, RD&E Hospital Wonford, Exeter, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3193-2452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC\/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srinivasa Vittal","family":"Katikireddi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC\/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desmond","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC\/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Munaf\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Padraig","family":"Dixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"},{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayley E","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Rice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2460-0508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil M","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"},{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"},{"name":"K.G. 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