{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T04:00:40Z","timestamp":1788494440902,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]],"date-time":"2020-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001381","name":"Singapore National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001381","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research"},{"name":"(TCR) Flagship Programme"},{"name":"Singapore Ministry of Health\u2019s National Medical Research Council"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007680","name":"NMRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NMRC\/TCR\/004-NUS\/2008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRC\/TCR\/004-NUS\/2008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007680","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007680","name":"NMRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NMRC\/TCR\/012-NUHS\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRC\/TCR\/012-NUHS\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007680","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MC_UU_12011\/4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UU_12011\/4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NF-SI-0515\u201310042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NF-SI-0515\u201310042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Erasmus+ Programme Early Nutrition eAcademy Southeast Asia","award":["573651-EPP-1\u20132016-1-DE-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["573651-EPP-1\u20132016-1-DE-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Using longitudinal ultrasounds as an improved fetal growth marker, we aimed to investigate if fetal growth deceleration followed by rapid postnatal weight gain is associated with childhood cardiometabolic risk biomarkers in a contemporary well-nourished population.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We defined fetal growth deceleration (FGD) as ultrasound-measured 2nd-3rd-trimester abdominal circumference decrease by \u22650.67 standard deviation score (SDS) and rapid postnatal weight gain (RPWG) as 0\u20132-year-old weight increase by \u22650.67 SDS. In the GUSTO mother-offspring cohort, we grouped 797 children into four groups of FGD-only (14.2%), RPWG-only (23.3%), both (mismatch, 10.7%) or neither (reference, 51.8%). Adjusting for confounders and comparing with the reference group, we tested associations of these growth groups with childhood cardiometabolic biomarkers: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-measured abdominal fat (n\u2009=\u2009262), liver fat (n\u2009=\u2009216), intramyocellular lipids (n\u2009=\u2009227), quantitative magnetic resonance-measured overall body fat % (BF%) (n\u2009=\u2009310), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (n\u2009=\u2009323), arterial wall thickness (n\u2009=\u2009422) and stiffness (n\u2009=\u2009443), and blood pressure trajectories (ages 3\u20136\u2009years).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mean\u00b1SD birthweights were: FGD-only (3.11\u2009\u00b1\u20090.38\u2009kg), RPWG-only (3.03\u2009\u00b1\u20090.37\u2009kg), mismatch (2.87\u2009\u00b1\u20090.31\u2009kg), reference (3.30\u2009\u00b1\u20090.36\u2009kg). FGD-only children had elevated blood pressure trajectories without correspondingly increased BF%. RPWG-only children had altered body fat partitioning, higher BF% [BF\u2009=\u20094.26%, 95% confidence interval (CI) (2.34, 6.19)], HOMA-IR 0.28 units (0.11, 0.45)] and elevated blood pressure trajectories. Mismatch children did not have increased adiposity, but had elevated ectopic fat, elevated HOMA-IR [0.29 units (0.04,0.55)] and the highest blood pressure trajectories. Associations remained even after excluding small-for-gestational-age infants from analyses.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fetal growth deceleration coupled with rapid postnatal weight gain was associated with elevated childhood cardiometabolic risk biomarkers without correspondingly increased BF%.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T11:07:36Z","timestamp":1595243256000},"page":"1591-1603","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Mismatch between poor fetal growth and rapid postnatal weight gain in the first 2 years of life is associated with higher blood pressure and insulin resistance without increased adiposity in childhood: the GUSTO cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Yi Ying","family":"Ong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suresh Anand","family":"Sadananthan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9239-7476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izzuddin M","family":"Aris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mya Thway","family":"Tint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen Lun","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5901-8403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan Y","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiong Huak","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"See Ling","family":"Loy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore"},{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sendhil S","family":"Velan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore"},{"name":"Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marielle V","family":"Fortier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith M","family":"Godfrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynette","family":"Shek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School 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Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan Tze Liang","family":"Choo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lieng Hsi","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, 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