{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:45:52Z","timestamp":1790707552139,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R03 OH010946"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03 OH010946"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004598","name":"Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004598","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000125","name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000125","name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21OH011452"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21OH011452"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Radiation Protection Institute","award":["MV-25972\u20132\/OBV"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MV-25972\u20132\/OBV"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008604","name":"Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008604","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ontario Ministry of Labour"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000147","name":"Canadian Cancer Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000147","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Pooled Uranium Miners Analysis (PUMA) study draws together information from cohorts of uranium miners from Canada, the Czech Republic, France, Germany and the USA.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Vital status and cause of death were ascertained and compared with expectations based upon national mortality rates by computing standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) overall and by categories of time since first hire, calendar period of first employment and duration of employment as a miner.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There were 51\u2009787 deaths observed among 118\u2009329 male miners [SMR\u2009=\u20091.05; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04, 1.06]. The SMR was elevated for all cancers (n\u2009=\u200916\u00a0633, SMR\u2009=\u20091.23; 95% CI: 1.21, 1.25), due primarily to excess mortality from cancers of the lung (n\u2009=\u20097756, SMR\u2009=\u20091.90; 95% CI: 1.86, 1.94), liver and gallbladder (n\u2009=\u2009549, SMR\u2009=\u20091.15; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.25), larynx (n\u2009=\u2009229, SMR\u2009=\u20091.10; 95% CI: 0.97, 1.26), stomach (n\u2009=\u20091058, SMR\u2009=\u20091.08; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.15) and pleura (n\u2009=\u200939, SMR\u2009=\u20091.06; 95% CI: 0.75, 1.44). Lung-cancer SMRs increased with duration of employment, decreased with calendar period and persisted with time since first hire. Among non-malignant causes, the SMR was elevated for external causes (n\u2009=\u20093362, SMR\u2009=\u20091.41; 95% CI: 1.36, 1.46) and respiratory diseases (n\u2009=\u20094508, SMR\u2009=\u20091.32; 95% CI: 1.28, 1.36), most notably silicosis (n\u2009=\u2009814, SMR\u2009=\u200913.56; 95% CI: 12.64, 14.52), but not chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n\u2009=\u20091729, SMR\u2009=\u20090.98; 95% CI: 0.93, 1.02).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Whereas there are important obstacles to the ability to detect adverse effects of occupational exposures via SMR analyses, PUMA provides evidence of excess mortality among uranium miners due to a range of categories of cause of death. The persistent elevation of SMRs with time since first hire as a uranium miner underscores the importance of long-term follow-up of these workers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]],"date-time":"2020-09-11T03:44:59Z","timestamp":1599795899000},"page":"633-643","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Mortality among uranium miners in North America and Europe: the Pooled Uranium Miners Analysis (PUMA)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"D B","family":"Richardson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Rage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P A","family":"Demers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M T","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"DeBono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Fenske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Neuherberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V","family":"Deffner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Neuherberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Kreuzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Neuherberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Samet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Wiggins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA"},{"name":"New Mexico Tumor Registry, Albuquerque, NM, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M K","family":"Schubauer-Berigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA"},{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Kelly-Reif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Tomasek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Protection Institute, Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L B","family":"Zablotska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Laurier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.9.1410","article-title":"The history of uranium mining and the Navajo people","volume":"92","author":"Brugge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B2","volume-title":"The Making of the Atomic Bomb","author":"Rhodes","year":"1986"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HP.0000133216.72557.ab","article-title":"Latency and the lung cancer epidemic among United States uranium miners","volume":"87","author":"Archer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B4","volume-title":"Man-made Mineral Fibers and Radon","year":"1988"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B5","volume-title":"A Review of Human Carcinogens","year":"2012"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B6","volume-title":"Health Effects of Exposure to Radon","year":"1999"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B7","volume-title":"Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation: United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation: UNSCEAR 2008 Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes","year":"2010"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp216","article-title":"Cohort profile: the German uranium miners cohort study (WISMUT cohort), 1946-2003","volume":"39","author":"Kreuzer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B9","volume-title":"Effects of Ionizing Radiation","year":"2006"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2019-105981","article-title":"PUMA\u2014Pooled Uranium Miners Analysis: cohort profile","volume":"77","author":"Rage","year":"2020","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91212-5","article-title":"Radon exposure and cancers other than lung cancer among uranium miners in West Bohemia [see comments]","volume":"341","author":"Tomasek","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/87.5.378","article-title":"Radon and cancers other than lung cancer in underground miners: a collaborative analysis of 11 studies","volume":"87","author":"Darby","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604776","article-title":"Radon and risk of extrapulmonary cancers: results of the German uranium miners' cohort study, 1960-2003","volume":"99","author":"Kreuzer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B14","volume-title":"Radon and Lung-cancer Risk: A Joint Analysis of 11 Underground Miners Studies","author":"Lubin","year":"1994"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1667\/RR2237.1","article-title":"Mortality (1950-1999) and cancer incidence (1969-1999) in the cohort of Eldorado uranium workers","volume":"174","author":"Lane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B16","volume-title":"Ontario Uranium Miners Cohort Study Report","author":"Navaranjan","year":"2015"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1088\/0952-4746\/32\/3\/301","article-title":"Lung cancer mortality among Czech uranium miners\u201460 years since exposure","volume":"32","author":"Tomasek","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Radiol Prot"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-014-0998-6","article-title":"Mortality analyses in the updated French cohort of uranium miners (1946-2007)","volume":"88","author":"Rage","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn406","article-title":"Radon exposure and mortality among white and American Indian uranium miners: an update of the Colorado Plateau cohort","volume":"169","author":"Schubauer-Berigan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-199112000-00005","article-title":"Lung cancer mortality and exposure to radon progeny in a cohort of New Mexico underground uranium miners","volume":"61","author":"Samet","year":"1991","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B21","volume-title":"Statistical Methods in Cancer Research: The Design and Analysis of Cohort Studies","author":"Breslow","year":"1987"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1667\/RR2689.1","article-title":"Risk of lung cancer mortality in relation to lung doses among French uranium miners: follow-up 1956-1999","volume":"177","author":"Rage","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B23","volume-title":"Epidemiologic Analysis with a Programmable Calculator","author":"Rothman","year":"1979"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700150403","article-title":"Design and conduct of occupational epidemiology studies: II. Analysis of cohort data","volume":"15","author":"Checkoway","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1667\/RR14889.1","article-title":"Factors modifying the radon-related lung cancer risk at low exposures and exposure rates among German uranium miners","volume":"189","author":"Kreuzer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-197606000-00001","article-title":"Lung cancer in uranium miners and long-term exposure to radon daughter products","volume":"30","author":"Sevc","year":"1977","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1088\/0952-4746\/25\/3\/002","article-title":"Doses from radon and its decay products to children","volume":"25","author":"Kendall","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Radiol Prot"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1088\/0952-4746\/22\/4\/304","article-title":"Doses to organs and tissues from radon and its decay products","volume":"22","author":"Kendall","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Radiol Prot"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B29","year":"2018"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncr310","article-title":"Dosimetric calculations for uranium miners for epidemiological studies","volume":"149","author":"Marsh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiat Prot Dosimetry"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2011-100051","article-title":"Occupational dust and radiation exposure and mortality from stomach cancer among German uranium miners, 1946-2003","volume":"69","author":"Kreuzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B32","first-page":"794","article-title":"Occupational exposure to crystalline silica and gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300928","article-title":"Analyses of radiation and mesothelioma in the US transuranium and uranium registries","volume":"103","author":"Gibb","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1088\/0952-4746\/31\/1\/R01","article-title":"Malignant pleural mesothelioma risk among nuclear workers: a review","volume":"31","author":"Metz-Flamant","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Radiol Prot"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mesothelioma mortality within two radiation monitored occupational cohorts","author":"Mumma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2016-103795","article-title":"Leukaemia mortality and low-dose ionising radiation in the WISMUT uranium miner cohort (1946-2013)","volume":"74","author":"Kreuzer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2009.054684","article-title":"A meta-analysis of leukaemia risk from protracted exposure to low-dose gamma radiation","volume":"68","author":"Daniels","year":"2011","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2013-101582","article-title":"Silica dust, radon and death from non-malignant respiratory diseases in German uranium miners","volume":"70","author":"Kreuzer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-198606000-00009","article-title":"Observations on the healthy worker effect","volume":"28","author":"Monson","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Occup Med"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199403000-00009","article-title":"The evolving concept of the healthy worker survivor effect","volume":"5","author":"Arrighi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0274(199903)35:3<246::AID-AJIM4>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Latency analysis in epidemiologic studies of occupational exposures: application to the Colorado Plateau uranium miners cohort","volume":"35","author":"Langholz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e318194646d","article-title":"Latency models for analyses of protracted exposures","volume":"20","author":"Richardson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq387","article-title":"Hierarchical latency models for dose-time-response associations","volume":"173","author":"Richardson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-019-00800-6","article-title":"Exposure-lag-response associations between lung cancer mortality and radon exposure in German uranium miners","volume":"58","author":"A\u00dfenmacher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiat Environ Biophys"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2078","article-title":"The healthy worker effect. Selection of workers and work forces","volume":"13","author":"Wilcosky","year":"1987","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-197603000-00009","article-title":"Standardized mortality ratios and the \u2018healthy worker effect\u2019: scratching beneath the surface","volume":"18","author":"McMichael","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Occup Med"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38142.554479.AE","article-title":"Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors","volume":"328","author":"Doll","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/24.3.504","article-title":"Associations between cigarette smoking and each of 21 types of cancer: a multi-site case-control study","volume":"24","author":"Siemiatycki","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000353","article-title":"Negative control outcomes and the analysis of standardized mortality ratios","volume":"26","author":"Richardson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kww205","article-title":"Observed and expected mortality in cohort studies","volume":"185","author":"Richardson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10030963","article-title":"Lung cancer risk from occupational and environmental radon and role of smoking in two Czech nested case-control studies","volume":"10","author":"Tomasek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1667\/RR2377.1","article-title":"Radon, smoking and lung cancer risk: results of a joint analysis of three European case-control studies among uranium miners","volume":"176","author":"Leuraud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"2021051721283904000_dyaa195-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280210394469","article-title":"Using causal diagrams to guide analysis in missing data problems","volume":"21","author":"Daniel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article-pdf\/50\/2\/633\/37947173\/dyaa195.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article-pdf\/50\/2\/633\/37947173\/dyaa195.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T21:29:44Z","timestamp":1621286984000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article\/50\/2\/633\/6000270"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyaa195","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-5771","1464-3685"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-5771","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-3685","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]]}}}