{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:51:40Z","timestamp":1792651900787,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,25]],"date-time":"2020-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000008","name":"Health Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4500381545"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4500381545"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000008","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000008","name":"Health Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4500370370"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4500370370"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000008","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012665","name":"ICES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000226","name":"Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Public Health Ontario"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000008","name":"Health Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000008","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001160","name":"Health Effects Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4964-RFA17-3\/18\u20136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4964-RFA17-3\/18\u20136"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001160","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"United States Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CR-83590201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CR-83590201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure to fine particulate (PM2.5) air pollution is associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD), but less is known about its specific components, such as metals originating from non-tailpipe emissions. We investigated the associations of long-term exposure to metal components [iron (Fe) and copper (Cu)] in PM2.5 with CVD incidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a population-based cohort study in Toronto, Canada. Exposures to Fe and Cu in PM2.5 and their combined impact on the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lung fluid were estimated using land use regression models. Incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), congestive heart failure (CHF) and CVD death was ascertained using health administrative datasets. We used mixed-effects Cox regression models to examine the associations between the exposures and health outcomes. A series of sensitivity analyses were conducted, including indirect adjustment for individual-level cardiovascular risk factors (e.g. smoking), and adjustment for PM2.5 and nitrogen dioxide (NO2).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In single-pollutant models, we found positive associations between the three exposures and all three outcomes, with the strongest associations detected for the estimated ROS. The associations of AMI and CHF were sensitive to indirect adjustment, but remained robust for CVD death in all sensitivity analyses. In multi-pollutant models, the associations of the three exposures generally remained unaltered. Interestingly, adjustment for ROS did not substantially change the associations between PM2.5 and CVD, but attenuated the associations of NO2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long-term exposure to Fe and Cu in PM2.5 and their combined impact on ROS were consistently associated with increased CVD death.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T16:32:46Z","timestamp":1603729966000},"page":"589-601","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Long-term exposure to iron and copper in fine particulate air pollution and their combined impact on reactive oxygen species concentration in lung fluid: a population-based cohort study of cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality in Toronto, Canada"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Zilong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Weichenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey C","family":"Kwong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard T","family":"Burnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Hatzopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Jerrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron van","family":"Donkelaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington 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