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We (i) assessed associations between residential green space and cumulative incidence of, and relief from, loneliness over 4\u2009years; and (ii) explored contingencies by age, sex, disability and cohabitation status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multilevel logistic regressions of change in loneliness status in 8049 city-dwellers between 2013 (baseline) and 2017 (follow-up) in the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia study. Associations with objectively measured discrete green-space buffers (e.g. parks) (&amp;lt;400, &amp;lt;800 and &amp;lt;1600\u2009m) were adjusted for age, sex, disability, cohabitation status, children and socio-economic variables. Results were translated into absolute risk reductions in loneliness per 10% increase in urban greening.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The absolute risk of loneliness rose from 15.9% to 16.9% over the 4\u2009years; however, a 10% increase in urban greening within 1.6\u2009km was associated with lower cumulative incident loneliness [odds ratio (OR)\u2009=\u20090.927, 95%\u00a0confidence interval (CI)\u2009=\u20090.862 to 0.996; absolute risk reduction\u2009=\u20090.66%]. Stronger association was observed for people living alone (OR\u2009=\u20090.828, 95%\u00a0CI\u2009=\u20090.725 to 0.944). In comparison to people with &amp;lt;10% green space, the ORs for cumulative incident loneliness were 0.833 (95%\u00a0CI\u2009=\u20090.695 to 0.997), 0.790 (95%\u00a0CI\u2009=\u20090.624 to 1.000) and 0.736 (95%\u00a0CI\u2009=\u20090.549 to 0.986) for 10\u201320%, 20\u201330% and &amp;gt;30% green space, respectively. Compared with the &amp;lt;10% green-space reference group with 13.78% incident loneliness over 4 years and conservatively assuming no impact on incident loneliness, associations translated into absolute risk reductions of 1.70%, 2.26% and 2.72% within populations with 10\u201320%, 20\u201330% and &amp;gt;30% green space, respectively. These associations were stronger again for people living alone, with 10\u201320% (OR\u2009=\u20090.608, 95%\u00a0CI\u2009=\u20090.448 to 0.826), 20\u201330% (OR\u2009=\u20090.649, 95%\u00a0CI\u2009=\u20090.436 to 0.966) and &amp;gt;30% (OR\u2009=\u20090.480, 95%\u00a0CI\u2009=\u20090.278 to 0.829) green space within 1600\u2009m. No age, sex or disability-related contingencies, associations with green space within 400 or 800\u2009m or relief from loneliness reported at baseline were observed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>A lower cumulative incidence of loneliness was observed among people with more green space within 1600\u2009m of home, especially for people living alone. Potential biopsychosocial mechanisms warrant investigation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T14:44:09Z","timestamp":1618325049000},"page":"99-110","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":144,"title":["More green, less lonely? 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