{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T05:53:14Z","timestamp":1781502794603,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]],"date-time":"2021-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"South-Eastern Norway Health Authority","award":["273903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["273903"]}]},{"name":"Biological responses to hypoxia: population studies of human pregnancy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of the present study was to examine the effect that the introduction of Doppler ultrasound in obstetric care has had on fetal death in Norway. One mechanism by which Doppler ultrasound may reduce fetal death may be through the increased use of Caesarean delivery. Therefore, we also examined the effect that the use of Doppler ultrasound has had on the use of Caesarean delivery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Medical Birth Registry of Norway provided detailed medical information for \u223c1.2 million deliveries from 1990 to 2014. Information about the year of introduction of Doppler ultrasound was collected directly from the maternity units, using a questionnaire. The data were analysed using a hospital fixed-effects regression model with fetal death as the outcome measure. The key independent variable was the introduction of Doppler ultrasound at each maternity ward. Hospital-specific trends and risk factors of the mother for fetal death were included as covariates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>For pre-term deliveries, the introduction of Doppler ultrasound contributed to a reduction in fetal death of \u223c30% and to an increase in planned Caesarean section of \u223c15%. There were no effects for emergency Caesarean sections or inductions pre-term. The introduction of Doppler ultrasound had no effect on fetal death or Caesarean section for term deliveries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The introduction of Doppler ultrasound during the 1990s and 2000s made a significant contribution to the decline in the number of pre-term fetal deaths in Norway. Increased use of Caesarean section may have contributed to this reduction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]],"date-time":"2021-04-18T11:07:15Z","timestamp":1618744035000},"page":"2038-2047","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Does the use of Doppler ultrasound reduce fetal mortality? A population study of all deliveries in Norway 1990\u20132014"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Jostein","family":"Grytten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, L\u00f8renskog, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Skau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Eskild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, L\u00f8renskog, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022010923051391800_dyab098-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f108","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f108","article-title":"Maternal and fetal risk factors for stillbirth: population based study","volume":"346","author":"Gardosi","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2022010923051391800_dyab098-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62233-7","article-title":"Major risk factors for stillbirth in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"377","author":"Flenady","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022010923051391800_dyab098-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00954-X","article-title":"Stillbirth: ending preventable deaths by 2030","volume":"387","author":"De Bernis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022010923051391800_dyab098-B4","author":"Alfirevic","year":"1996"},{"key":"2022010923051391800_dyab098-B5","author":"Alfirevic","year":"2015"},{"key":"2022010923051391800_dyab098-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-S3-S1","article-title":"Screening and triage of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) in general population and high risk pregnancies: a systematic review with focus on reduction of IUGR related stillbirths","volume":"11","author":"Imdad","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2022010923051391800_dyab098-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007529.pub4","article-title":"Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high risk pregnancies","author":"Alfirevic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2022010923051391800_dyab098-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62310-0","article-title":"National, regional, and worldwide estimates of stillbirth rates in 2009 with trends since 1995: a systematic analysis","volume":"377","author":"Cousens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022010923051391800_dyab098-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98\u2013108","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00275-2","article-title":"National, regional, and worldwide estimates of stillbirth rates in 2015 with trends from 2000: a systematic analysis","volume":"4","author":"Blencowe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2022010923051391800_dyab098-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4437","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12721","article-title":"Does the use of diagnostic technology reduce fetal mortality?","volume":"53","author":"Grytten","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2022010923051391800_dyab098-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2000.079006435.x","article-title":"The Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Epidemiological research and surveillance throughout 30 years","volume":"79","author":"Irgens","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"2022010923051391800_dyab098-B12","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022010923051391800_dyab098-B13","year":"2000"},{"key":"2022010923051391800_dyab098-B14","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022010923051391800_dyab098-B15","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022010923051391800_dyab098-B16","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Neonatal and Perinatal Mortality: Country, Regional and Global Estimates","year":"2006"},{"key":"2022010923051391800_dyab098-B17","first-page":"179","volume-title":"International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems: 10th Revision.","year":"2016"},{"key":"2022010923051391800_dyab098-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.50.2.317","article-title":"A practitioner\u2019s guide to cluster-robust inference","volume":"50","author":"Cameron","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Human Resources"},{"key":"2022010923051391800_dyab098-B19","author":"Hanck","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022010923051391800_dyab098-B20","first-page":"178","volume-title":"Mastering Metrics: The Path from cause to effect","author":"Angrist","year":"2015"},{"key":"2022010923051391800_dyab098-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1302","article-title":"Identification of treatment effects in health economics","volume":"16","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"2022010923051391800_dyab098-B22","first-page":"221","volume-title":"Mostly Harmless Econometrics","author":"Angrist","year":"2014"},{"key":"2022010923051391800_dyab098-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1798","article-title":"Association between stillbirth and risk factors known at pregnancy confirmation","volume":"306","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2022010923051391800_dyab098-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurox.2019.100009","article-title":"Temporal changes in fetal death risk in pregnancies with preeclampsia: does offspring birthweight matter? A population study","volume":"2","author":"Haavaldsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol: X"},{"key":"2022010923051391800_dyab098-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12153","article-title":"Regionalization and local hospital closure in Norwegian maternity care\u2014the effect on neonatal and infant mortality","volume":"49","author":"Grytten","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article-pdf\/50\/6\/2038\/42092219\/dyab098.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article-pdf\/50\/6\/2038\/42092219\/dyab098.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T08:12:58Z","timestamp":1698912778000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article\/50\/6\/2038\/6307082"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyab098","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-5771","1464-3685"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-5771","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-3685","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]]}}}