{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:05:38Z","timestamp":1792785938902,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC1004300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1004300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC1004302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1004302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82003409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82003409"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81872583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81872583"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81872582"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81872582"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81950410633"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81950410633"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation Team","award":["2018B030312005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018B030312005"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020A1515011131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020A1515011131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019A050510017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019A050510017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018B05052007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018B05052007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017A090905042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017A090905042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Beneficial effects of greenness on birth outcomes have been reported, but few studies have investigated the associations in both urban and non-urban settings. We aimed to evaluate and compare linear and nonlinear associations between greenness and birth outcomes in urban and non-urban settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From October 2015 to December 2018, participants were recruited into the Maoming Birth Cohort Study. A total of 11 258 live birth records were obtained. Greenness exposure was assessed using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI). Linear regression and nonlinear restricted cubic spline models were implemented to investigate the associations between greenness and birthweight, birth length, gestational age, preterm birth, low birthweight, small for gestational age and the potential for effect variation under urban or non-urban settings, after adjusting for covariates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 0.1-unit increase in NDVI-500m was significantly associated with an increase of 35.4 g in birthweight [95% confidence interval (CI): 13.2, 57.7], 0.15\u2009cm in birth length (95% CI: 0.03, 0.26), 0.88\u2009days in gestational age (95% CI: 0.05, 1.71) and lower odds of low birthweight [odds ratio (OR)\u2009=\u20090.69, 95% CI: 0.56, 0.85] and preterm birth (OR\u2009=\u20090.70, 95% CI: 0.58, 0.85). No association with head circumference was observed. For all outcomes, no significant linear associations were observed among non-urban dwellers. Inversed \u2018U-shaped\u2019 associations between greenness exposure and birth outcomes were observed in the total study population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Greenness exposure was associated with increased gestational age, birthweight and birth length in urban dwellers. Nonlinear associations assessed by restricted cubic splines suggested that health benefits could be larger when increasing greenness levels from low to medium compared with increasing greenness from medium to high levels. Further studies adopting nonlinear methods are warranted to verify our findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T15:10:09Z","timestamp":1627053009000},"page":"88-98","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Is greener better? Associations between greenness and birth outcomes in both urban and non-urban settings"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Xiang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Li","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke D","family":"Knibbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Heinrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich, German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shyamali C","family":"Dharmage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidia","family":"Morawska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shao","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Jalaludin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xubo","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanzhong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guang-Hui","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health 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