{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:23:05Z","timestamp":1790875385169,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Tata Memorial Centre"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology [DBT-COE","award":["BT\/01CEIB\/09\/V\/06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BT\/01CEIB\/09\/V\/06"]}]},{"name":"UK Biobank"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre (Oxford, UK) and the BHF Centre of Research Excellence"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In India, as elsewhere, the incidence of gall-bladder cancer (GBC) is substantially higher in women than in men. Yet, the relevance of reproductive factors to GBC remains poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used logistic regression adjusted for age, education and area to examine associations between reproductive factors and GBC risk, using 790 cases of histologically confirmed GBC and group-matched 1726 visitor controls. We tested the interaction of these associations by genetic variants known to increase the risk of GBC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parity was strongly positively associated with GBC risk: each additional pregnancy was associated with an \u223c25% higher risk {odds ratio [OR] 1.26 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.17\u20131.37]}. After controlling for parity, GBC risk was weakly positively associated with later age of menarche [postmenopausal women, OR 1.11 (95% CI 1.00\u20131.22) per year], earlier menopause [OR 1.03 (95% CI 1.00\u20131.06) per year] and shorter reproductive lifespan [OR 1.04 (95% CI 1.01\u20131.07) per year], but there was little evidence of an association with breastfeeding duration or years since last pregnancy. Risk alleles of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the ABCB4 and ABCB1 genetic regions had a multiplicative effect on the association with parity, but did not interact with other reproductive factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We observed higher GBC risk with higher parity and shorter reproductive lifespan, suggesting an important role for reproductive and hormonal factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T07:26:03Z","timestamp":1631085963000},"page":"789-798","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Reproductive factors and gall-bladder cancer, and the effect of common genetic variants on these associations: a case\u2013control study in India"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Sharayu","family":"Mhatre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Molecular Epidemiology and Population Genetics, Centre for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar , Navi Mumbai, India"},{"name":"Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) , Mumbai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Lacey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Sherliker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK"},{"name":"MRC Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nilanjan","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, MD, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, John Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD, USA"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, John Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Preetha","family":"Rajaraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Global Affairs, Department of Health and Human Services , Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahesh","family":"Goel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) , Mumbai, India"},{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital , Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shraddha","family":"Patkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) , Mumbai, India"},{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital , Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikas","family":"Ostwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) , Mumbai, India"},{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital , Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prachi","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) , Mumbai, India"},{"name":"Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Tata Memorial Hospital , Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shailesh V","family":"Shrikhande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) , Mumbai, India"},{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital , Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garvit","family":"Chitkara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) , Mumbai, India"},{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital , Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajendra","family":"Badwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) , Mumbai, India"},{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital , Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4496-4771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Lewington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK"},{"name":"MRC Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK"},{"name":"UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Dikshit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Molecular Epidemiology and Population Genetics, Centre for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar , Navi Mumbai, India"},{"name":"Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) , Mumbai, 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