{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T13:43:28Z","timestamp":1781012608353,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"RGC-General Research Fund","award":["14603019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14603019"]}]},{"name":"Environmental Health Research Fund"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004853","name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7104946"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7104946"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004853","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004853","name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004853","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Faculty Postdoctoral Fellowship Scheme of the Faculty of Medicine of the Chinese University of Hong Kong"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Exercise may increase the inhalation and deposition of air pollutants, which may counteract its beneficial effects. We thus examined the combined effects of chronic exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and habitual exercise on the risk of death from cancer in Taiwan.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Patients and methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 384 128 adults (\u226518\u2009years of age) were recruited for a medical screening programme between 2001 and 2016, yielding 842 384 medical-examination records. All participants were followed up until 31 May 2019. Vital data were obtained from the National Death Registry of Taiwan and the ambient PM2.5 exposure was estimated using a satellite-based spatiotemporal model. Information on habitual exercise was collected using a standard self-administered questionnaire. The time-dependent Cox-regression model was used to evaluate the combined effects.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A greater amount of habitual exercise was associated with lower risk of death from cancer, whilst a higher level of PM2.5 exposure was associated with a higher risk of death from cancer. The inverse associations of habitual exercise with death from cancer were not modified by chronic exposure to PM2.5. The participants in the group with a high level of exercise and a low level of PM2.5 exposure exhibited a 35% lower risk of death from cancer than those in the group with a low level of exercise and a high level of PM2.5 exposure (95% confidence interval: 28%, 42%).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Increased levels of exercise and reduced exposure levels of PM2.5 are associated with a lower risk of death from cancer. Habitual exercise reduces the risk of death from cancer regardless of the levels of chronic PM2.5 exposure. Our results indicate that habitual exercise is a suitable health-promotion strategy even for people who reside in moderately polluted regions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T19:13:32Z","timestamp":1632165212000},"page":"225-236","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Combined effects of chronic PM2.5 exposure and habitual exercise on cancer mortality: a longitudinal cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Yacong","family":"Bo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsung","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ly-Yun","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cui","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changqing","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environment and Sustainability, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiqian","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Resource Management, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Tam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis K H","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environment and Sustainability, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel Y S","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang Qian","family":"Lao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Research Institute of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022021817293546200_dyab209-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002495","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002495","article-title":"Quantifying the association between 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