{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:12:42Z","timestamp":1791159162213,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMH20HA2007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMH20HA2007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP18K11666"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP18K11666"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP19H03900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19H03900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP21K12274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21K12274"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to be a major global health burden. This study aims to estimate the all-cause excess mortality occurring in the COVID-19 outbreak in Japan, 2020, by sex and age group.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Daily time series of mortality for the period January 2015\u2013December 2020 in all 47 prefectures of Japan were obtained from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan. A two-stage interrupted time-series design was used to calculate excess mortality. In the first stage, we estimated excess mortality by prefecture using quasi-Poisson regression models in combination with distributed lag non-linear models, adjusting for seasonal and long-term variations, weather conditions and influenza activity. In the second stage, we used a random-effects multivariate meta-analysis to synthesize prefecture-specific estimates at the nationwide level.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In 2020, we estimated an all-cause excess mortality of \u221220\u2009982 deaths [95% empirical confidence intervals (eCI): \u221238 367 to \u22125472] in Japan, which corresponded to a percentage excess of \u22121.7% (95% eCI: \u22123.1 to \u22120.5) relative to the expected value. Reduced deaths were observed for both sexes and in all age groups except those aged &amp;lt;60 and 70\u201379\u2009years.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>All-cause mortality during the COVID-19 outbreak in Japan in 2020 was decreased compared with a historical baseline. Further evaluation of cause-specific excess mortality is warranted.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T11:13:51Z","timestamp":1631790831000},"page":"75-84","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Reduced mortality during the COVID-19 outbreak in Japan, 2020: a two-stage interrupted time-series design"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9596-9188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Onozuka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuta","family":"Tanoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Business and Finance, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuhei","family":"Nomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takayuki","family":"Kawashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Mathematical and Computing Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 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Parenti\u2019, University of Florence, Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomimasa","family":"Sunagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, the National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuri","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, the National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuuki","family":"Tsuchihashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, the National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, the National Institute of 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