{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T19:17:00Z","timestamp":1789759020014,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018954","name":"Centre for the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018954","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"UKCRC Public Health Research Centre of Excellence","award":["MR\/KO232331\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/KO232331\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Economic and Social Research Council, Medical Research Council"},{"name":"Welsh Government and the Wellcome Trust"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011417","name":"UK Clinical Research Collaboration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011417","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/P023444\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P023444\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"US National Institute on Aging","award":["1R56AG052519-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R56AG052519-01"]}]},{"name":"US National Institute on Aging","award":["1R01AG052519-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01AG052519-01A1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG\/4\/32218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG\/4\/32218"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES\/K000357\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/K000357\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Academy of Medical Sciences\/the Wellcome Trust \u2018Springboard Health of the Public in 2040\u2019 Award","award":["HOP001\\1025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HOP001\\1025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Homelessness encompasses a wide spectrum of experience. Rough sleepers and people attending homeless shelters have been found to be at an increased risk of mortality. It is unclear whether risks are also elevated in those squatting, living temporarily in low-cost hotels or \u2018sofa-surfing\u2019 with friends or family members. This study examines mortality in a representative nationwide sample of people who have slept rough, squatted, lived in shelters or low-cost hotels and sofa-surfed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Using unpublished data from two national birth cohorts, namely the National Child Development Study and the 1970 British Birth Cohort study, Cox proportional-hazards models and random-effects meta-analyses were used to analyse associations between homelessness and different types of homeless experience (rough sleeping, squatting, staying in a homeless shelter or low-cost hotel, and sofa-surfing) and mortality.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Out of the 23\u200a678 participants, 1444 (6.1%) reported having been homeless and 805 (3.4%) deaths occurred. Homelessness was associated with an increased risk of mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 1.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24\u20132.26]. Mortality risk was raised across the spectrum of homeless experience, from sleeping rough (HR 4.71, 95% CI 2.38\u20139.30), to squatting (HR 6.35, 95% CI 2.73\u201314.75), staying in a homeless shelter (HR 4.89, 95% CI 2.36\u201310.11), staying in a low-cost hotel (HR 3.38, 95% CI 1.30\u20138.79 through to sofa-surfing (HR 2.86, 95% CI 1.84\u20134.42). Associations remained after separate control for socio-economic status, mental health, substance use, accidents and assaults, and criminality.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mortality rates were raised across all types of homeless experience. This included squatting and sofa-surfing that have not previously been reported. Studies that have omitted the less severe, but more prevalent, use of low-cost hotels and sofa-surfing may have underestimated the impacts of homelessness on mortality.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T20:45:54Z","timestamp":1637700354000},"page":"839-846","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Mortality among rough sleepers, squatters, residents of homeless shelters or hotels and sofa-surfers: a pooled analysis of UK birth cohorts"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8371-8453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"White","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Trials Research, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff, 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David","family":"Batty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London , London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022061309580784400_dyab253-B1","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022061309580784400_dyab253-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03480040032010","article-title":"Deaths among homeless persons\u2014San Francisco","volume":"267","year":"1992","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2022061309580784400_dyab253-B3","year":"2018"},{"key":"2022061309580784400_dyab253-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03405081","article-title":"The relationship between housing conditions and health status of rooming house residents in Toronto","volume":"94","author":"Hwang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can J Public 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