{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T04:19:30Z","timestamp":1782015570375,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]],"date-time":"2022-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001160","name":"Health Effects Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R-82811201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R-82811201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001160","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"United States Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Only few epidemiological studies have investigated whether chronic exposure to air pollution from different sources have different impacts on risk of diabetes. We aimed to investigate associations between air pollution from traffic versus non-traffic sources and risk of type 2 diabetes in the Danish population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We estimated long-term exposure to traffic and non-traffic contributions of particulate matter with a diameter &amp;lt;2.5\u2009\u00b5g (PM2.5), elemental carbon (EC), ultrafine particles (UFP) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) for all persons living in Denmark for the period 2005\u201317. In total, 2.6 million persons aged &amp;gt;35\u2009years were included, of whom 148\u200a020 developed type 2 diabetes during follow-up. We applied Cox proportional hazards models for analyses, using 5-year time-weighted running means of air pollution and adjustment for individual- and area-level demographic and socioeconomic covariates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that 5-year exposure to all particle measures (PM2.5, UFP and EC) and NO2 were associated with higher type 2 diabetes risk. We observed that for UFP, EC and potentially PM2.5, the pollution originating from traffic was associated with higher risks than the non-traffic contributions, whereas for NO2 similar hazard ratios (HR) were observed. For example, in two-source models, hazard ratios (HRs) per interquartile change in traffic UFP, EC and PM2.5 were 1.025, 1.045 and 1.036, respectively, whereas for non-traffic UFP, EC and PM2.5, the HRs were 1.013, 1.018 and 1.001, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our finding of stronger associations with particulate matter from traffic compared with non-traffic sources implies that prevention strategies should focus on limiting traffic-related particulate matter air pollution.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyac040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T20:09:46Z","timestamp":1646165386000},"page":"1219-1229","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Exposure to source-specific air pollution and risk for type 2 diabetes: a nationwide study covering Denmark"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7302-4789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mette","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Work, Environment and Cancer, Danish Cancer Society Research Center , Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Natural Science and Environment, Roskilde University , Roskilde, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aslak H","family":"Poulsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Work, Environment and Cancer, Danish Cancer Society Research Center , Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulla A","family":"Hvidtfeldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Work, Environment and Cancer, Danish Cancer Society Research Center , Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lise M","family":"Frohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University , Roskilde, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Ketzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University , Roskilde, Denmark"},{"name":"Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey , Guildford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesper H","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University , Roskilde, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f8rgen","family":"Brandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University , Roskilde, Denmark"},{"name":"iClimate\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Aarhus University , Roskilde, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Geels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University , Roskilde, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ole","family":"Raaschou-Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Work, Environment and Cancer, Danish Cancer Society Research Center , Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University , Roskilde, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023031400055934500_","year":"2016"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.06.033","article-title":"Associations between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"252","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1","article-title":"Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: an update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"121","author":"Brook","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109551","article-title":"Associations between the incidence and mortality rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus and long-term exposure to ambient air pollution: a 12-year cohort study in northern China","volume":"186","author":"Shan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6653","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126653","article-title":"PM2.5 and Diabetes in the Japanese Population","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1003369","article-title":"Black carbon as an additional indicator of the adverse health effects of airborne particles compared with PM10 and PM2.5","volume":"119","author":"Janssen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"087025","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP1279","article-title":"Association of long-term exposure to transportation noise and traffic-related air pollution with the incidence of diabetes: a prospective cohort study","volume":"125","author":"Clark","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000937","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2019-000937","article-title":"Air pollution and gestational diabetes mellitus: evidence from cohort studies","volume":"8","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diab Res Care"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-0403-3","article-title":"The health effects of ultrafine particles","volume":"52","author":"Schraufnagel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106002","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP424","article-title":"Nanomaterials versus ambient ultrafine particles: an opportunity to exchange toxicology knowledge","volume":"125","author":"Stone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000798","article-title":"Exposure to ambient ultrafine particles and nitrogen dioxide and incident hypertension and diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Bai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106424","article-title":"Concentration-dependent health effects of air pollution in controlled human exposures","volume":"150","author":"Orach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145614","article-title":"Source contributions to multiple toxic potentials of atmospheric organic aerosols","volume":"773","author":"Fushimi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2017.07.853","article-title":"Differential pulmonary effects of wintertime California and China particulate matter in healthy young mice","volume":"278","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116633","article-title":"Toxicological effects of personal exposure to fine particles in adult residents of Hong Kong","volume":"275","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/08958378.2019.1606365","article-title":"Inhalation toxicity profiles of particulate matter: a comparison between brake wear with other sources of emission","volume":"31","author":"Gerlofs-Nijland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.12.060","article-title":"Short-term and long-term exposures to fine particulate matter constituents and health: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"247","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","first-page":"1172","article-title":"Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associations with biomass- and fossil-fuel-combustion fine-particulate-matter exposures in Dhaka, Bangladesh","volume":"50","author":"Rahman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408565","article-title":"Associations of mortality with long-term exposures to fine and ultrafine particles, species and sources: results from the California Teachers Study Cohort","volume":"123","author":"Ostro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-019-01960-7","article-title":"Air pollution: a global problem needs local fixes","volume":"570","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-014-9930-3","article-title":"The Danish Civil Registration System as a tool in epidemiology","volume":"29","author":"Schmidt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494811401482","article-title":"The Danish National Patient Register","volume":"39","author":"Lynge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810394717","article-title":"The Danish National Prescription Registry","volume":"39","author":"Kildemoes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.10.036","article-title":"Development and performance evaluation of new AirGIS \u2013 A GIS based air pollution and human exposure modelling system","volume":"198","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.01.011","article-title":"An integrated model study for Europe and North America using the Danish Eulerian Hemispheric Model with focus on intercontinental transport of air pollution","volume":"53","author":"Brandt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-7065(03)00054-8","article-title":"Air pollution forecasting from regional to urban street scale: implementation and validation for two cities in Denmark","volume":"28","author":"Brandt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys Chem Earth"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118631","article-title":"Modelling ultrafine particle number concentrations at address resolution in Denmark from 1979-2018. Part 1: regional and urban scale modelling and evaluation","volume":"264","author":"Frohn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118633","article-title":"Modelling ultrafine particle concentrations at address resolution in Denmark from 1979 to 2019. Part 2: street scale modelling and evaluation","volume":"264","author":"Ketzel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Spatial High-resolution Distribution of Emissions to Air \u2013 SPREAD 2.0","author":"Plejdrup","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","author":"Levin"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e301","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(18)30140-2","article-title":"The 2016 global and national burden of diabetes mellitus attributable to PM2.5 air pollution","volume":"2","author":"Bowe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.02.036","article-title":"Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter and incidence of diabetes in the Danish Nurse Cohort","volume":"91","author":"Hansen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","first-page":"202","article-title":"PM2.5 and diabetes and hypertension incidence in the Black Women's Health Study","volume":"27","author":"Coogan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205958","article-title":"Risk of incident diabetes in relation to long-term exposure to fine particulate matter in Ontario, Canada","volume":"121","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-015-0031-x","article-title":"Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a cohort study: effects of total and traffic-specific air pollution","volume":"14","author":"Weinmayr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"2023031400055934500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111886","article-title":"The effect of adjustment to register-based and questionnaire-based covariates on the association between air pollution and cardiometabolic disease","volume":"203","author":"Sorensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Res"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article-pdf\/51\/4\/1219\/45444232\/dyac040.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article-pdf\/51\/4\/1219\/45444232\/dyac040.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T08:02:10Z","timestamp":1700294530000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article\/51\/4\/1219\/6548226"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyac040","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-5771","1464-3685"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-5771","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-3685","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]]}}}