{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:43:12Z","timestamp":1792096992981,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a zoonotic mosquito-borne virus that causes a significant burden of disease across Asia, particularly in India, with high mortality in children. JEV circulates in wild ardeid birds and domestic pig reservoirs, both of which generate sufficiently high viraemias to infect vector mosquitoes, which can then subsequently infect humans. The landscapes of these hosts, particularly in the context of anthropogenic ecotones and resulting wildlife\u2013livestock interfaces, are poorly understood and thus significant knowledge gaps in the epidemiology of JEV persist. This study sought to investigate the landscape epidemiology of JEV outbreaks in India over the period 2010\u20132020 to determine the influence of shared wetland and rain-fed agricultural landscapes and animal hosts on outbreak risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using surveillance data from India\u2019s National Centre for Disease Control Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme, JEV outbreaks were modelled as an inhomogeneous Poisson point process and externally validated against independently sourced data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Outbreak risk was strongly associated with the habitat suitability of ardeid birds, both pig and chicken density, and the shared landscapes between fragmented rain-fed agriculture and both river and freshwater marsh wetlands.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results from this work provide the most complete understanding of the landscape epidemiology of JEV in India to date and suggest important One Health priorities for control and prevention across fragmented terrain comprising a wildlife\u2013livestock interface that favours spillover to humans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyac050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T07:13:00Z","timestamp":1646896380000},"page":"1408-1418","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["High-risk landscapes of Japanese encephalitis virus outbreaks in India converge on wetlands, rain-fed agriculture, wild Ardeidae, and domestic pigs and chickens"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6441-3635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael G","family":"Walsh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney , Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney , Westmead, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"One Health Centre, The Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal, Karnataka, India"},{"name":"The Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amrita","family":"Pattanaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Navya","family":"Vyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Centre, The Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal, Karnataka, India"},{"name":"The Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Saxena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar , Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1029-5140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cameron","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney , Westmead, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Entomology, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital , Westmead, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shailendra","family":"Sawleshwarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney , Westmead, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"One Health Centre, The Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal, Karnataka, India"},{"name":"The Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal, Karnataka, India"},{"name":"The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School , Westmead, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiranjay","family":"Mukhopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal, Karnataka, India"},{"name":"Centre for Emerging and Tropical Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022101309172344800_dyac050-B1","first-page":"69","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis vaccines: WHO position paper","volume":"90","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"2022101309172344800_dyac050-B2","author":"National Vectorborne Disease Control Program, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare G of I. Statewise number of AES\/JE cases and deaths fro","year":"2017"},{"key":"2022101309172344800_dyac050-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-59403-8","volume-title":"Japanese Enceph West Nile Viruses","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2002"},{"key":"2022101309172344800_dyac050-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-59403-8_2","volume-title":"Japanese Enceph West Nile Viruses","author":"Endy","year":"2002"},{"key":"2022101309172344800_dyac050-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2086-8","article-title":"Mapping the spatial distribution of the Japanese encephalitis vector, Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles, 1901 (Diptera: Culicidae) within areas of Japanese encephalitis risk","volume":"10","author":"Longbottom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"2022101309172344800_dyac050-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.014","article-title":"Mapping the potential distributions of etiological agent, vectors, and reservoirs of Japanese Encephalitis in Asia and Australia","volume":"188","author":"Samy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2022101309172344800_dyac050-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2019.1670926","article-title":"Entomological factors in relation to the occurrence of Japanese encephalitis in Malkangiri district, Odisha State, India","volume":"113","author":"Thankachy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"2022101309172344800_dyac050-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(81)90330-8","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies to Japanese encephalitis and West Nile viruses among wild birds in the Krishna-Godavari Delta, Andhra Pradesh, India","volume":"75","author":"Rodrigues","year":"1981","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2022101309172344800_dyac050-B9","first-page":"185","article-title":"Serological evidence for Japanese encephalitis virus and West Nile virus infections in water frequenting and terrestrial wild birds in Kolar District, Karnataka State, India. 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Johansson MA, editor","volume":"7","author":"Le Flohic","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2022101309172344800_dyac050-B19","first-page":"175","article-title":"Infection of herons and domestic fowls with Japanese encephalitis virus with specific reference to maternal antibody of hen (epidemiological study on Japanese encephalitis 26)","volume":"24","author":"Ogata","year":"1970","journal-title":"Acta Med Okayama"},{"key":"2022101309172344800_dyac050-B20","first-page":"46","article-title":"Density of Culex vishnui and appearance of JE antibody in sentinel chicks and wild birds in relation to Japanese encephalitis cases","volume":"38","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"1988","journal-title":"Trop Geogr Med"},{"key":"2022101309172344800_dyac050-B21","author":"del Hoyo","year":"2013"},{"key":"2022101309172344800_dyac050-B22","first-page":"4","article-title":"Rainfed agriculture: its importance and potential in global food security","volume":"2","author":"Devendra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Utar Agric Sci J"},{"key":"2022101309172344800_dyac050-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105701","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis and associated environmental risk factors in eastern Uttar Pradesh: a time series analysis from 2001 to 2016","volume":"212","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2022101309172344800_dyac050-B24","author":"National Centre for Disease Control, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare"},{"key":"2022101309172344800_dyac050-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_1638_15","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Japanese encephalitis virus & West Nile virus in Alappuzha district","volume":"146","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"2022101309172344800_dyac050-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.176609","article-title":"An outbreak of Japanese encephalitis after two decades in Odisha, India","volume":"142","author":"Dwibedi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"2022101309172344800_dyac050-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.176607","article-title":"Seasonal abundance & role of predominant Japanese encephalitis vectors Culex tritaeniorhynchus & Cx. gelidus Theobald in Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu","volume":"142","author":"Ramesh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"2022101309172344800_dyac050-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.172829","article-title":"Entomological and serological investigation of Japanese encephalitis in endemic area of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India","volume":"52","author":"Nyari","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis"},{"key":"2022101309172344800_dyac050-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.57.5.344","article-title":"Infant mortality rate as an indicator of population health","volume":"57","author":"Reidpath","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2022101309172344800_dyac050-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.18.250","article-title":"Health indicators related to disease, death, and reproduction","volume":"52","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Prev Med Public Health"},{"key":"2022101309172344800_dyac050-B31","author":"Center for International Earth Science I","year":"2019"},{"key":"2022101309172344800_dyac050-B32","author":"Center for International Earth Science Information Network\u2014CIESIN","year":"2018"},{"key":"2022101309172344800_dyac050-B33","author":"Global Biodiversity Information Facility. 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