{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T14:29:10Z","timestamp":1793197750147,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Glasgow COVID-19 Researcher Support Scheme"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nigeria is Africa\u2019s most populated country. By November 2021 it had experienced three waves of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Peer-reviewed seroprevalence data assessing the proportion of the Nigerian population that have been infected were extremely limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a serosurvey in one urban site (n\u2009=\u2009400) and one rural site (n\u2009=\u2009402) in Kaduna State, Nigeria between 11 October 2021 and 8 November 2021. Z-tests were used to compare seroprevalence across age groups, locations and sexes. T tests were used to determine whether age or household size are associated with seropositivity. Associations between seropositivity and recent history of common Covid-19 symptoms were tested using logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were detected in 42.5% an 53.5% of participants at the urban and rural sites, respectively The overall age- and sex- stratified seroprevalence was 43.7% (42.2% for unvaccinated individuals). The data indicate an infection rate in Kaduna State \u2265359-fold the rate derived from polymerase chain reaction-confirmed cases. In the urban site, seroprevalence among females and participants aged &amp;lt;20 was lower than other groups. Reporting loss of sense of taste and\/or smell was strongly associated with seropositive status. Associations with seropositivity were also found for the reporting of dry cough, fever, headache, nausea and sore throat.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides baseline SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in Kaduna State, Nigeria, immediately prior to the spread of the Omicron variant. It indicates that in October\/November 2021, approximately 56% of the population did not have detectable antibodies, and population subgroups with particularly low seroprevalence remain. It highlights limitations in using PCR-confirmed cases to estimate infection rates. The data will inform public health strategies in Nigeria and other sub-Saharan African countries with limited SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyac141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T12:21:49Z","timestamp":1656591709000},"page":"1361-1370","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence at urban and rural sites in Kaduna State, Nigeria, during October\/November 2021, immediately prior to detection of the Omicron variant"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Gloria D","family":"Chechet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University , Zaria, Nigeria"},{"name":"Africa Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology, Ahmadu Bello University , Zaria, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob K P","family":"Kwaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology, Ahmadu Bello University , Zaria, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University , Zaria, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Yahaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University , Zaria, Nigeria"},{"name":"Africa Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology, Ahmadu Bello University , Zaria, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"Noyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genomic Research, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"MacLeod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity, Life Sciences, and Animal Health, University of Glasgow , Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walt E","family":"Adamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity, Life Sciences, and Animal Health, University of Glasgow , Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022101309183130200_dyac141-B1","first-page":"157","article-title":"WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic","volume":"91","author":"Cucinotta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta 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