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However, ANM is also related to several proxies for overall health that may confound these associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated the causal association of ANM with these clinical outcomes using Mendelian randomization (MR). Participants and outcomes analysed were restricted to post-menopausal females. We conducted a one-sample MR analysis in both the Women\u2019s Health Initiative and UK Biobank. We further analysed and integrated several additional data sets of post-menopausal women using a two-sample MR design. We used \u226455 genetic variants previously discovered to be associated with ANM as our instrumental variable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 5-year increase in ANM was causally associated with a decreased risk of osteoporosis [odds ratio (OR)\u2009=\u20090.80, 95% CI (0.70\u20130.92)] and fractures (OR\u2009=\u20090.76, 95% CI, 0.62\u20130.94) as well as an increased risk of lung cancer (OR\u2009=\u20091.35, 95% CI, 1.06\u20131.71). Other associations including atherosclerosis-related outcomes were null.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study confirms that the decline in bone density with menopause causally translates into fractures and osteoporosis. Additionally, this is the first causal epidemiological analysis to our knowledge to find an increased risk of lung cancer with increasing ANM. This finding is consistent with molecular and epidemiological studies suggesting oestrogen-dependent growth of lung tumours.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyac215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]],"date-time":"2022-11-11T10:46:42Z","timestamp":1668163602000},"page":"806-816","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Genetic evidence for causal relationships between age at natural menopause and the risk of ageing-associated adverse health outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0709-6722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Lankester","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA, USA"},{"name":"VA Palo Alto Health Care System , Palo Alto, CA, 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USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9070-5394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kei Hang Katie","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Center for Global Cardiometabolic Health, Brown University , Providence, RI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University , Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2098-3844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University , Providence, RI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine & Department of Surgery, Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University , Providence, RI, 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