{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T04:29:03Z","timestamp":1782707343269,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]],"date-time":"2023-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["365825"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["365825"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["409511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["409511"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Lady Davis Institute of the Jewish General Hospital"},{"name":"Canadian Foundation for Innovation"},{"name":"NIH Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011094","name":"Public Health Agency of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011094","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fonds de Recherche Qu\u00e9bec Sant\u00e9"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"JSPS Overseas Challenge Program for Young Researchers"},{"name":"Clinical Research Scholarship"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Medical Research Council, European Union"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Clinical Research Facility and Biomedical Research Centre"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Increased iron stores have been associated with elevated risks of different infectious diseases, suggesting that iron supplementation may increase the risk of infections. However, these associations may be biased by confounding or reverse causation. This is important, since up to 19% of the population takes iron supplementation. We used Mendelian randomization (MR) to bypass these biases and estimate the causal effect of iron on infections.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>As instrumental variables, we used genetic variants associated with iron biomarkers in two genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of European ancestry participants. For outcomes, we used GWAS results from the UK Biobank, FinnGen, the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative or 23andMe, for seven infection phenotypes: \u2018any infections\u2019, combined, COVID-19 hospitalization, candidiasis, pneumonia, sepsis, skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) and urinary tract infection (UTI).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Most of our analyses showed increasing iron (measured by its biomarkers) was associated with only modest changes in the odds of infectious outcomes, with all 95% odds ratios confidence intervals within the 0.88 to 1.26 range. However, for the three predominantly bacterial infections (sepsis, SSTI, UTI), at least one analysis showed a nominally elevated risk with increased iron stores (P\u2009&amp;lt;0.05).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Using MR, we did not observe an increase in risk of most infectious diseases with increases in iron stores. However for bacterial infections, higher iron stores may increase odds of infections. Hence, using genetic variation in iron pathways as a proxy for iron supplementation, iron supplements are likely safe on a population level, but we should continue the current practice of conservative iron supplementation during bacterial infections or in those at high risk of developing them.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyad010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]],"date-time":"2023-02-11T20:12:29Z","timestamp":1676146349000},"page":"1163-1174","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Increasing serum iron levels and their role in the risk of infectious diseases: a Mendelian randomization approach"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5388-0396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillaume","family":"Butler-Laporte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University , Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University , Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yossi","family":"Farjoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University , Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University , Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hultstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University , Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University , Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden"},{"name":"Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin Y H","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University , Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9510-5646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoko","family":"Nakanishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University , Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al , QC, Canada"},{"name":"Kyoto-McGill International Collaborative School in Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto, Japan"},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science , Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen-Yang","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University , Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Yoshiji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University , Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Kyoto-McGill International Collaborative School in Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6061-4720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Forgetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University , Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3746-9086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J Brent","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University , Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University , Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al , QC, Canada"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre , Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Twin Research, King\u2019s College London , London, UK"},{"name":"5 Prime Sciences Inc. , Montreal, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2018.03.007","article-title":"Iron and innate antimicrobial immunity\u2014depriving the pathogen, defending the host","volume":"48","author":"Nairz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18016","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.16","article-title":"Haemochromatosis","volume":"4","author":"Brissot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2007.04.007","article-title":"Association of hemochromatosis with infectious diseases: expanding spectrum","volume":"11","author":"Khan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B4","author":"Gulhar","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6145.1113","article-title":"The adverse effect of iron repletion on the course of certain infections","volume":"2","author":"Murray","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.133025","article-title":"Dietary supplement use in the United States, 2003\u20132006","volume":"141","author":"Bailey","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012121164","article-title":"Infection risk with bolus versus maintenance iron supplementation in hemodialysis patients","volume":"24","author":"Brookhart","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-019-1495-7","article-title":"Intravenous iron supplementation does not increase infectious disease risk in hemodialysis patients: a nationwide cohort-based case-crossover study","volume":"20","author":"Yen","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.23552","article-title":"Darbepoetin-alfa and intravenous iron administration after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a prospective multicenter randomized trial","volume":"88","author":"Beguin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2133935","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.33935","article-title":"Risk of infection associated with administration of intravenous iron: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.8.1974","article-title":"Hemoglobin and ferritin are currently the most efficient indicators of population response to iron interventions: an analysis of nine randomized controlled trials","volume":"135","author":"Mei","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k601","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k601","article-title":"Reading Mendelian randomisation studies: a guide, glossary, and checklist for clinicians","volume":"362","author":"Davies","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e658","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(20)30345-3","article-title":"Genetic variants mimicking therapeutic inhibition of IL-6 receptor signalling and risk of COVID-19","volume":"2","author":"Bovijn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa229","article-title":"The effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme levels on COVID-19 susceptibility and severity: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"50","author":"Butler-Laporte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003605","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003605","article-title":"Vitamin D and COVID-19 susceptibility and severity in the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"18","author":"Butler-Laporte","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg070","article-title":"\u2018Mendelian randomization\u2019: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?","volume":"32","author":"Davey Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000161","article-title":"Instrumental variable analysis with a nonlinear exposure-outcome relationship","volume":"25","author":"Burgess","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21998","article-title":"Bias due to participant overlap in two-sample Mendelian randomization","volume":"40","author":"Burgess","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.155887","article-title":"Laboratory methodologies for indicators of iron status: strengths, limitations, and analytical challenges","volume":"106","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01575-z","article-title":"A genome-wide meta-analysis yields 46 new loci associating with biomarkers of iron homeostasis","volume":"4","author":"Bell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1017\/S0714980809990055","article-title":"The Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA)","volume":"28","author":"Raina","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can J Aging"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0530-8","article-title":"A resource-efficient tool for mixed model association analysis of large-scale data","volume":"51","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq340","article-title":"METAL: fast and efficient meta-analysis of genomewide association scans","volume":"26","author":"Willer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2014.071","article-title":"Quality control and conduct of genome-wide association meta-analyses","volume":"9","author":"Winkler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B25","author":"Purcell"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13742-015-0047-8","article-title":"Second-generation PLINK: rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets","volume":"4","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03205-y","article-title":"Sequencing of 53,831 diverse genomes from the NHLBI TOPMed Program","volume":"590","author":"Taliun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.610","article-title":"Estimation of effect size distribution from genome-wide association studies and implications for future discoveries","volume":"42","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr036","article-title":"Avoiding bias from weak instruments in Mendelian randomization studies","volume":"40","author":"Burgess","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B30","first-page":"508","volume-title":"Nature","year":"2023"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0579-z","article-title":"The UK Biobank resource with deep phenotyping and genomic data","volume":"562","author":"Bycroft","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00257-5","article-title":"Genome-wide association and HLA region fine-mapping studies identify susceptibility loci for multiple common infections","volume":"8","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03767-x","article-title":"Mapping the human genetic architecture of COVID-19","volume":"600","author":"Niemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B34"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00870-7","article-title":"Computationally efficient whole-genome regression for quantitative and binary traits","volume":"53","author":"Mbatchou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0302-x","article-title":"An atlas of genetic influences on osteoporosis in humans and mice","volume":"51","author":"Morris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15393","article-title":"A global reference for human genetic variation","volume":"526","author":"Auton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3555","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv402","article-title":"LDlink: a web-based application for exploring population-specific haplotype structure and linking correlated alleles of possible functional variants","volume":"31","author":"Machiela","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.00157","article-title":"LDlinkR: an R package for rapidly calculating linkage disequilibrium statistics in diverse populations","volume":"11","author":"Myers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34408","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34408","article-title":"The MR-Base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome","volume":"7","author":"Hemani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B41","author":"R Core Team","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D884","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa942","article-title":"Ensembl 2021","volume":"49","author":"Howe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000559","article-title":"Sensitivity analyses for robust causal inference from mendelian randomization analyses with multiple genetic variants","volume":"28","author":"Burgess","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.22295","article-title":"A comparison of robust Mendelian randomization methods using summary data","volume":"44","author":"Slob","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1208623","article-title":"Severe sepsis and septic shock","volume":"369","author":"Angus","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S193","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz002","article-title":"Current epidemiology, etiology, and burden of acute skin infections in the United States","volume":"68","author":"Kaye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.07.007","article-title":"Evaluation and management of urinary tract infection in the emergency department","volume":"37","author":"Dubbs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00313-5","article-title":"Discontinuing \u03b2-lactam treatment after 3 days for patients with community-acquired pneumonia in non-critical care wards (PTC): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority trial","volume":"397","author":"Dinh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000315","article-title":"ACG clinical guideline: hereditary hemochromatosis","volume":"114","author":"Kowdley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Off J Am Coll Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-017-2366-2","article-title":"Iron and infection","volume":"107","author":"Ganz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Hematol"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.55.1.277-280.1987","article-title":"Expression of iron-regulated proteins in Yersinia species and their relation to virulence","volume":"55","author":"Carniel","year":"1987","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx246","article-title":"Comparison of sociodemographic and health-related characteristics of UK Biobank participants with those of the general population","volume":"186","author":"Fry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2023080222371482500_dyad010-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001866","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001866","article-title":"Vitamin D and risk of multiple sclerosis: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"12","author":"Mokry","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article-pdf\/52\/4\/1163\/51027140\/dyad010.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article-pdf\/52\/4\/1163\/51027140\/dyad010.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T22:38:04Z","timestamp":1691015884000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article\/52\/4\/1163\/7034613"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyad010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-5771","1464-3685"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-5771","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-3685","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]]}}}