{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:21:37Z","timestamp":1790774497835,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Benefits of elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are challenged by reports demonstrating U-shaped relations between HDL-C levels and all-cause mortality; the association with cause-specific mortality is less studied.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 344\u200a556 individuals (20\u201379\u2009years, 52 % women) recruited from population-based health screening during 1985\u20132003 were followed until the end of 2018 for all-cause and cause-specific mortality by serum HDL-C level at inclusion of &amp;lt;30, 30\u201339, 40\u201349, 50\u201359, 60\u201369, 70\u201379, 80\u201389, 90\u201399 and &amp;gt;99\u2009mg\/dl (&amp;lt; 0.78, 0.78\u20131.01, 1.04\u20131.27, 1.30\u20131.53, 1.55\u20131.79, 1.81\u20132.04, 2.07\u20132.31, 2.33\u20132.56, &amp;gt;2.56\u2009mmol\/L). Hazard ratios (HRs) were adjusted for sex, age, calendar period, smoking, total cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, physical activity, educational length, body mass index and ill health.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>During a mean follow-up of 22\u2009years, 69\u00a0505 individuals died. There were U-shaped associations between HDL-C levels and all-cause, cancer and non-cardiovascular disease\/non-cancer mortality (non-CVD\/non-cancer), whereas for CVD there was increased risk of death only at lower levels. With HDL-C stratum 50\u201359\u2009mg\/dl (1.30\u20131.53\u2009mmol\/L) as reference, HRs [95% confidence intervals (CIs)] for levels &amp;gt;99\u2009mg\/dl (&amp;gt;2.56\u2009mmol\/L) were 1.32 (1.21\u20131.43), 1.05 (0.89\u20131.24), 1.26 (1.09\u20131.46) and 1.68 (1.48\u20131.90) for all\u2013cause, CVD, cancer and non\u2013CVD\/non\u2013cancer mortality, respectively. For HDL-C levels &amp;lt;30\u2009mg\/dl (0.78\u2009mmol\/L), the corresponding HRs (95% CIs) were 1.30 (1.24\u20131.36), 1.55 (1.44\u20131.67), 1.14 (1.05\u20131.23) and 1.19 (1.10\u20131.29). The mortality from alcoholic liver disease, cancers of mouth-oesophagus-liver, chronic liver diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, accidents and diabetes increased distinctly with increasing HDL-C above the reference level. HDL-C levels lower than the reference level were mainly associated with increased mortality of ischaemic heart disease (IHD), other CVDs, stomach cancer and diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Higher HDL-C levels were associated with increased mortality risk of several diseases which also have been associated with heavy drinking, and lower HDL-C levels were associated with increased mortality from IHD, other CVDs, gastric cancer and diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyad011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T09:46:14Z","timestamp":1676281574000},"page":"1257-1267","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Associations between serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and cause-specific mortality in a general population of 345\u00a0000 men and women aged 20\u201379 years"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"J\u00f8rg G","family":"M\u00f8rland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Division of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per","family":"Magnus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stein Emil","family":"Vollset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Metrics Sciences and Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington , Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9747-1762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A","family":"Leon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Non-communicable Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randi","family":"Selmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aage","family":"Tverdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023080222374758500_dyad011-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-61-5-888","article-title":"Risk factors in coronary heart disease. 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