{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T17:27:11Z","timestamp":1764350831718,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]],"date-time":"2023-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Faculty Development Grant"},{"name":"Centre for Family and Population Research, National University of Singapore"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Child marriage, defined as marriage under the age of 18 years, remains pervasive in India. Global evidence documents a negative association between child marriage and women's reproductive and sexual health outcomes; however, its relationship with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) remains underexplored.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We utilize biomarkers and self-reported data from the nationally representative National Family and Health Survey 4 (2015\u20132016) to examine the associations between child marriage and hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, asthma and thyroid disorder among currently married women (N\u2009=\u2009421\u200a107). We use regression models adjusted for a range of demographic and socio-economic controls to assess the association between child marriage and NCDs among women in India. We further assess whether and to what extent these relationships are mediated by early motherhood using the Karlson, Holm and Breen method of decomposition.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Child marriage was associated with hypertension [adjusted odds ratio 1.20 (95% CI: 1.17\u20131.24)], diabetes [1.29 (1.22\u20131.37)], heart disease [1.27 (1.18\u20131.36)], asthma [1.19 (1.11\u20131.28)] and thyroid disorder [1.10 (1.02\u20131.18)]. Early motherhood also increased the risk of NCDs among women. Furthermore, it emerged as a pathway linking child marriage with hypertension, diabetes and heart disease; however, it provided a partial explanation for the disadvantage associated with child marriages.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Child marriage emerges as a risk factor for NCDs among women in India. Health systems need to recognize the enduring influence of child marriages on women\u2019s health and ensure early detection and effective treatment of NCDs for this vulnerable group.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyad051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T03:02:20Z","timestamp":1683774140000},"page":"1303-1315","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Child marriage as a risk factor for non-communicable diseases among women in India"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1021-8498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kriti","family":"Vikram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology and Anthropology, National University of Singapore , Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abhijit","family":"Visaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ageing Research and Education, Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dibyasree","family":"Ganguly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Study of Regional Development, Jawaharlal Nehru University , India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"National Family Health Survey (MCH and Family Planning), India 1992\u201393","year":"1995","author":"International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS)","key":"2023100820062580300_dyad051-B1"},{"volume-title":"National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), 2005\u201306: India: Volume I","year":"2007","author":"International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Macro International","key":"2023100820062580300_dyad051-B2"},{"volume-title":"National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015\u201316: India","year":"2017","author":"International Institute for Population Sciences 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