{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:03:34Z","timestamp":1753877014948,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-CoG-864616"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-CoG-864616"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2021-128892OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-128892OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Attempts at assessing heterogeneity in countries\u2019 mortality profiles often rely on measures of cause of death (CoD) diversity. Unfortunately, such indicators fail to take into consideration the degree of (dis)similarity among pairs of causes (e.g. \u2018transport injuries\u2019 and \u2018unintentional injuries\u2019 are implicitly assumed to be as dissimilar as \u2018transport injuries\u2019 and \u2018Alzheimer\u2019s disease\u2019)\uff0dan unrealistic and unduly restrictive assumption.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Development<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We extend diversity indicators proposing a broader class of heterogeneity measures that are sensitive to the similarity between the causes of death one works with. The so-called \u2018CoD inequality\u2019 measures are defined as the average expected \u2018dissimilarity between any two causes of death\u2019. A strength of the approach is that such measures are decomposable, so that users can assess the contribution of each cause to overall CoD heterogeneity levels\u2014a useful property for the evaluation of public health policies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Application<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We have applied the method to 15 low-mortality countries between 1990 and 2019, using data from the Global Burden of Disease project. CoD inequality and CoD diversity generally increase over time across countries and sex, but with some exceptions. In several cases (notably, Finland), both indicators run in opposite directions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>CoD inequality and diversity indicators capture complementary information about the heterogeneity of mortality profiles, so they should be analysed alongside other population health metrics, such as life expectancy and lifespan inequality.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyae016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]],"date-time":"2024-02-17T03:56:15Z","timestamp":1708142175000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["On the measurement of cause of death inequality"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7051-5144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I\u00f1aki","family":"Permanyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Demographic Studies, Centres de Recerca de Catalunya (CERCA), Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona , Bellaterra,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"ICREA, Passeig LLu\u00eds Companys 23, Barcelona,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00falia Almeida","family":"Calazans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Demographic Studies, Centres de Recerca de Catalunya (CERCA), Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona , Bellaterra,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024101618414061400_dyae016-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0009.2005.00398.x","article-title":"The epidemiologic transition: a theory of the epidemiology of population change. 1971: the epidemiologic transition","volume":"83","author":"Omran","year":"2005","journal-title":"Milbank Q"},{"key":"2024101618414061400_dyae016-B2","first-page":"485","article-title":"La transici\u00f3n epidemiol\u00f3gica en Am\u00e9rica Latina","volume":"111","author":"Frenk","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bol Oficina Sanit Panam (OSP)"},{"key":"2024101618414061400_dyae016-B3","first-page":"99","article-title":"The epidemiologic transition theory revisited thirty years later","volume":"53","author":"Omran","year":"1998","journal-title":"World Health Stat Q"},{"issue":"Special 2","key":"2024101618414061400_dyae016-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4054\/DemRes.2004.S2.2","article-title":"Convergences and divergences in mortality: a new approach of health transition","author":"Vallin","year":"2004","journal-title":"DemRes"},{"key":"2024101618414061400_dyae016-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-4848-7_10","article-title":"Causes of death among the oldest-old: age-related changes in the cause-of-death distribution","author":"Horiuchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Human Longevity, Individual Life Duration, and the Growth of the Oldest-Old Population. 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