{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T13:10:33Z","timestamp":1759497033180,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]],"date-time":"2024-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":38,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["221003\/Z\/20\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["221003\/Z\/20\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) studies leveraging systematic surveillance in sub-Saharan Africa are limited. We assessed the effectiveness of two vaccines (Pfizer BNT162b2 and Johnson &amp; Johnson Ad26.COV2.S) against SARS-CoV-2-associated hospitalization in South African adults aged \u226518\u2009years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a test-negative case-control study using pneumonia surveillance data in South Africa. Inpatients with physician-diagnosed lower respiratory tract infection or suspected COVID-19, testing SARS-CoV-2 positive or negative from June 2021\u2013March 2022, were cases or controls, respectively. Fully vaccinated individuals received one Ad26.COV2.S dose or two BNT162b2 doses \u226514-days before enrollment. VE was estimated using multivariable logistic regression for Delta- and Omicron BA.1\/BA.2-predominant periods, stratified by age and HIV status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study included 925 cases and 1890 controls; 38 (4%) cases and 186 (10%) controls were fully vaccinated with BNT162b2, and 30 (3%) cases and 94 (5%) controls with Ad26.COV2.S. The vaccine effectiveness of BNT162b2 against SARS-CoV-2-associated hospitalization over Delta and Omicron BA.1\/BA.2 periods was 91% (95% CI: 52%, 98%) and 33% (-16%, 86%), respectively. The vaccine effectiveness of Ad26.COV2.S against hospitalization over Delta and Omicron BA.1\/BA.2 periods was 72% (-36% ,94%), and -19% (-130%, 39%), respectively. The vaccine effectiveness of BNT162b2 against hospitalization over the Delta period was 94% (50%, 99%) and 89% (27%, 98%) among adults aged \u226560\u2009years and HIV-uninfected, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The BNT162b2 vaccine was effective against SARS-CoV-2-associated hospitalization during the Delta period for adults aged \u226518\u2009years, \u226560\u2009years and those HIV-uninfected. VE for Ad26.COV2.S was inconclusive, potentially due to limited sample size or residual confounding. These findings highlight the utility of sentinel surveillance for estimating VE.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyae116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]],"date-time":"2024-09-21T11:28:45Z","timestamp":1726918125000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Estimation of vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2-associated hospitalization using sentinel surveillance in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4384-636X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Chiwandire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sibongile","family":"Walaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg, South Africa"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"von Gottberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg, South Africa"},{"name":"School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9526-0133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Wolter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg, South Africa"},{"name":"School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mignon","family":"Du Plessis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg, South Africa"},{"name":"School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fahima","family":"Moosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg, South Africa"},{"name":"School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle J","family":"Groome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg, South Africa"},{"name":"School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Nel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Variava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Klerksdorp-Tshepong Hospital Complex , Klerksdorp, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Halima","family":"Dawood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Greys Hospital , Pietermaritzburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mvuyo","family":"Makhasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg, South Africa"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leora R","family":"Feldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coronavirus and Other Viral Respiratory Diseases Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6726-6124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Perrine","family":"Marcenac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division, National Center 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