{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:02:45Z","timestamp":1753876965369,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH U01 HL146242","NIH P30 MH123248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH U01 HL146242","NIH P30 MH123248"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Black men who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionately burdened by the HIV epidemic in the USA. The effectiveness of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in preventing HIV infection has been demonstrated through randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials in several populations. Importantly, no such trial has been conducted exclusively among Black MSM in the USA, and it would be unethical and infeasible to do so now.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To estimate the causal effects of PrEP access, initiation, and adherence on HIV risk, we utilized causal inference methods to combine data from two non-randomized studies that exclusively enrolled Black MSM.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The estimated relative risks of HIV were: (i) 0.52 (95% confidence interval: 0.21, 1.22) for individuals with versus without PrEP access, (ii) 0.48 (0.12, 0.89) for individuals who initiated PrEP but were not adherent versus those who did not initiate, and (iii) 0.23 (0.02, 0.80) for individuals who were adherent to PrEP versus those who did not initiate.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Beyond addressing the knowledge gap around the effect of PrEP in Black MSM in the USA, which may have ramifications for public health, we have provided a framework to combine data from multiple non-randomized studies to estimate causal effects, which has broad utility.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyae170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T04:39:49Z","timestamp":1733978389000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Estimating the effect of pre-exposure prophylaxis in Black men who have sex with men"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Allison","family":"Meisner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center , Seattle, WA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kwun C G","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington , Seattle, WA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. 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