{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T01:54:59Z","timestamp":1794275699881,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":60,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Using longitudinal ultrasounds as an improved fetal growth marker, we aimed to investigate if increased postnatal growth following fetal abdominal circumference (AC) growth deceleration is associated with improved child cognition.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Among 797 term-born singletons in the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) cohort, we derived 2nd\u20133rd trimester fetal AC growth z-score, fetal AC growth deceleration, standardized height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) growth at early infancy (0\u20134 months), late infancy (4\u201315 months), toddlerhood (15\u201337 months), and early childhood (3\u20137\u2009years), and investigated their associations with intelligence quotient (IQ) at ages 4.5\u2009years (verbal, non-verbal) and 7\u2009years (non-verbal\u2014block design, matrix reasoning), adjusting for socio-demographic and biological confounders.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Among term-born newborns, 23.3% experienced fetal AC growth deceleration, which was associated with lower non-verbal IQ (4.5\u2009years) [\u03b2 (95% CI), \u20134.00 (\u20137.49, \u20130.51)]. Higher 0\u20137\u2009years z-BMI gain was associated with lower non-verbal IQ (block design) (7\u2009years) [\u20131.33 (\u20132.51, \u20130.14)]. Higher late infancy z-BMI gain was associated with higher verbal IQ (4.5\u2009years) [3.36 (0.82,5.90)] but lower non-verbal IQ (matrix reasoning) (7\u2009years) [\u20132.32 (\u20134.48, \u20130.17)]. Among those with fetal AC growth deceleration, higher 0\u20137 years z-weight gain was associated with lower non-verbal IQ (block design) (7\u2009years) (P-interaction\u2009=\u2009.049); at z-weight gain of +2 standard deviation score (SDS), those with fetal AC growth deceleration had lower IQ [margins (95% CI), \u20132.6 (\u20137.1,1.9)]. On average, children with fetal AC growth deceleration caught up in z-height, z-weight, and z-BMI by 7\u2009years.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fetal AC growth deceleration was associated with lower cognition scores at preschool age. Increased weight or BMI growth from 0\u20137\u2009years following fetal AC growth deceleration might not be favorable to cognition among generally well-nourished term-born children.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaf012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T20:22:11Z","timestamp":1738009331000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Associations of fetal and postnatal growth trajectories with child cognition: the GUSTO cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3072-765X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi Ying","family":"Ong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore,","place":["Singapore"]},{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. 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Singapore,","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0650-2234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shirong","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research , Singapore,","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mya","family":"Thway Tint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research , Singapore,","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8677-0126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delicia Shu Qin","family":"Ooi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore,","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ai Peng","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research , Singapore,","place":["Singapore"]},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging, National University Health System , Singapore,","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1945-0266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kok Hian","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Academic Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore,","place":["Singapore"]},{"name":"Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital , Singapore,","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynette","family":"Shek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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Clinical Science, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research , Singapore,","place":["Singapore"]},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore,","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2516-2060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan Gunnar","family":"Eriksson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research , Singapore,","place":["Singapore"]},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore,","place":["Singapore"]},{"name":"Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki , Helsinki,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Public 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