{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:57:52Z","timestamp":1790888272964,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":41,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AA028009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AA028009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To explore the syndemic nature of the COVID-19 pandemic by identifying which subpopulations in the United States (US) suffered the greatest losses in life expectancy (LE) in 2020 and 2021, and to which extent these losses can be attributed to COVID-19 and \u2018other\u2019 causes of death.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We analysed individual death records for 2018\u20132021 from the National Vital Statistics System and population counts from the American Community Survey. Life table and continuous change decomposition analyses were used to quantify cause-\/.specific contributions to changes in LE over time in population subgroups defined by sex, educational attainment, and race\/ethnicity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>From 2019 to 2020, educational differences in LE (high minus low education) increased substantially by 5.0 and 2.6\u2009years in Hispanic men and women, respectively, with increases of one to two years among Black and White adults. Nearly all losses in LE among high-education Hispanic and White groups were due to COVID-19, while among low-education White and Black groups, COVID-19 accounted for 40%\u201347% of the total losses in LE. Changes in LE were much smaller during 2020\u20132021.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>COVID-19 widened preexisting inequalities in LE in the US, both via direct mortality and through syndemic interactions with other diseases and health conditions. The underlying social, political, economic, and environmental factors driving the clustering and interaction of diseases among the most disadvantaged Americans need to be addressed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaf069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T04:54:58Z","timestamp":1747976098000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The COVID-19 syndemic: a perfect storm for the life expectancy of the most disadvantaged Americans"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Probst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) , Toronto, ON,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) , Toronto, ON,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Bright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Sheffield , Sheffield,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yachen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute , Emeryville, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolin","family":"Kilian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) , Toronto, ON,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark , Copenhagen,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8430-0347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Sheffield , Sheffield,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool , Liverpool,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute , Emeryville, CA,","place":["United 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University of Toronto , Toronto, ON,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Program on Substance Abuse & WHO Collaborating Centre on Substance Use, Noncommunicable Diseases, and Policy Impact, Public Health Agency of Catalonia , Barcelona,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025052406062685200_dyaf069-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.26443","article-title":"Racial and ethnic health disparities related to 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