{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T23:25:21Z","timestamp":1790378721911,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004737","name":"National Health Research Institutes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NHRI-112-EMGP05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHRI-112-EMGP05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004737","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects approximately one-third of adults and may progress to advanced fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Epidemiologic studies linking air pollution to NAFLD incidence remain limited. This study examined associations between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and NAFLD incidence.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study included 62\u200a660 adults in Taiwan undergoing health examinations from 1996 to 2016. NAFLD was diagnosed through liver ultrasonography; individual characteristics and medical history were obtained from questionnaires. Residential township data estimated exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and carbon monoxide (CO). Time-dependent Cox regression was conducted to assess associations between air pollution and NAFLD incidence.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The overall NAFLD incidence was 53.0 cases per 1000 person-years. Adjusted models showed positive associations between air pollutants and NAFLD. Compared with low exposure to both PM2.5 and NO2, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] for high exposure to both was 1.25 (1.19\u20131.31). Similarly, compared with low exposure to both PM2.5 and CO, the adjusted HR (95% CI) was 1.12 (1.07\u20131.17) for low PM2.5 and high CO, and 1.28 (1.22\u20131.33) for high exposure to both.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Long-term exposure to PM2.5 and traffic-related air pollutants, including NO2 and CO, may increase the risk of developing NAFLD.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaf101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T05:38:07Z","timestamp":1751002687000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and the incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7848-1383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Chuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University , Taipei,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Nursing, National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2362-3940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shih-Chun","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University , Taipei,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9295-7966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-Shan","family":"Chin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University , Taipei,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Nursing, National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9720-7937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih-Da","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung-Hsing University , Tainan,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8530-4809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue Leon","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University , Taipei,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Science, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University , Taipei,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025062701380178900_dyaf101-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.109","article-title":"Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention","volume":"15","author":"Younossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol 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