{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T16:47:30Z","timestamp":1754153250062,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":41,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Clubfoot prevalence in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population (hereafter Indigenous population) is reportedly higher than globally. This study enumerates and describes the isolated (also \u2018idiopathic\u2019) clubfoot population in Australia\u2019s Northern Territory (NT), where 30% of the population is Indigenous.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this retrospective study, medical records were searched to identify all cases in the NT born in 2009\u201322 inclusive. Birth prevalence was calculated by using established methods. Logistic regression estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) comparing characteristics of Indigenous with non-Indigenous babies with clubfoot.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The birth prevalence of isolated clubfoot (150 cases\/53\u200a591 births) was 2.80\/1000 (95% CI: 2.35\u20133.25). For 109 Indigenous babies, the prevalence was five times higher (5.99, 95% CI: 4.87\u20137.12) than for non-Indigenous babies (1.16, 95% CI: 0.84\u20131.56) and three times higher in Indigenous males (4.11, 95% CI: 3.35\u20134.86) than females (1.42, 95% CI: 0.96\u20131.88). Among babies with clubfoot, Indigenous babies with clubfoot were more likely to be male (OR\u2009=\u20092.68; 95% CI: 1.22\u20135.90; P\u2009=\u20090.014), from remote or very remote localities (OR\u2009=\u200914.24; CI: 5.98\u201333.90; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), and have younger mothers (OR\u2009=\u200913.88; 95% CI: 3.90\u201349.39; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The prevalence of isolated clubfoot in Australia\u2019s NT is higher than global estimates and other Australian reports, and disproportionately affects Indigenous babies. An Australian clubfoot register would be invaluable to improve the national understanding of prevalence patterns. Given the disproportionate prevalence in Indigenous babies, culturally responsive service provision, clinical outcomes, and experiences of their families warrant investigation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaf121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T08:01:00Z","timestamp":1750406460000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Isolated clubfoot in the Northern Territory of Australia: birth prevalence and population description"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8327-2164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly","family":"Paterson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University , Cairns,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Physiotherapy Department, Royal Darwin Hospital, NT Health , Darwin,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2546-2581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Cairns Institute, James Cook University , Cairns, 4870,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Onemda: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health and Wellbeing, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne , Melbourne,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9673-1913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan","family":"Clough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University , Cairns,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3016.2003.00477.x","article-title":"Talipes equinovarus in Western Australia","volume":"17","author":"Carey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2005.00647.x","article-title":"A South Australian population-based study of congenital talipes equinovarus","volume":"19","author":"Byron-Scott","year":"2005","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102178","article-title":"The global birth prevalence of clubfoot: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"Smythe","year":"2023","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"year":"2023","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B4"},{"year":"2024","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, National Indigenous Australians Agency","key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B5"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.18848\/2156-8960\/CGP\/v08i04\/11-27v","article-title":"Evidence review of Indigenous culture for health and wellbeing","volume":"8","author":"Bourke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Health Wellness Soc"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B7","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Clubfoot and Vertical Talus Etiology and Clinical Management","author":"Gurnett","year":"2023","edition":"1st ed"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-023-06889-7","article-title":"Trends in congenital clubfoot prevalence and co-occurring anomalies during 1994-2021 in Denmark: a nationwide register-based study","volume":"24","author":"Hedley","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B9","volume-title":"Congenital Club Foot: Fundamentals of Treatment","author":"Ponseti","year":"2008","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1302\/1863-2548.14.190184","article-title":"The influence of laterality, sex and family history on clubfoot severity","volume":"14","author":"Salvatori","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Child Orthop"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B11","volume-title":"Practice of Paediatric Orthopaedics","author":"Diab","year":"2015","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bto.0000162987.08300.5e","article-title":"The neglected clubfoot","volume":"20","author":"Penny","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tech Orthop"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2005.00648.x","article-title":"Risk factors for isolated talipes equinovarus in Western Australia, 1980\u20131994","volume":"19","author":"Carey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"year":"2014","author":"Australian Government","key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B14"},{"year":"2024","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B15"},{"year":"2024","author":"Northern Territory Government","key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B16"},{"year":"2015","author":"Ponseti International Association","key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B17"},{"year":"2024","author":"Independent Health and Aged Care Pricing Authority","key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B18"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","article-title":"The REDCap consortium: building an international community of software platform partners","volume":"95","author":"Harris","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"year":"1999","author":"Pirani","key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B21"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1111\/ajr.12805","article-title":"National analysis of the Modified Monash Model, population distribution and a socio-economic index to inform rural health workforce planning","volume":"29","author":"Versace","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aust J Rural Health"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20211","article-title":"Prevalence is the preferred measure of frequency of birth defects","volume":"73","author":"Mason","year":"2005","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"volume-title":"SPSS Statistics for Windows. Version 29.0","year":"2023","author":"IBM Corp","key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B24"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1097\/BPB.0000000000000064","article-title":"Unilateral versus bilateral clubfoot: An analysis of severity and correlation","volume":"23","author":"Gray","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop B"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3517","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-014-3776-6","article-title":"Bilateral clubfeet are highly correlated: a cautionary tale for researchers","volume":"472","author":"Gray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06831-w","article-title":"Indigenous Australian genomes show deep structure and rich novel variation","volume":"624","author":"Silcocks","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"year":"2016","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B28"},{"author":"Northern Territory Government","key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B29"},{"year":"2024","author":"Northern Territory Government","key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B30"},{"year":"2024","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare","key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B31"},{"year":"2024","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B32"},{"year":"2020","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, National Indigenous Australians Agency","key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B33"},{"year":"2024","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare","key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B34"},{"volume-title":"Mothers and Babies 2020","year":"2023","author":"Li","key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B35"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e462","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000001191","article-title":"Clubfoot etiology: a meta-analysis and systematic review of observational and randomized trials","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B37","first-page":"65","article-title":"Congenital malformations in the newborn: a survey at the National Women's Hospital, 1964-67","volume":"71","author":"Howie","year":"1970","journal-title":"NZ Med J"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B38","first-page":"566","article-title":"Genetic and epidemiological studies of clubfoot in Hawaii: ascertainment and incidence","volume":"21","author":"Ching","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20625","article-title":"Multistate study of the epidemiology of clubfoot","volume":"85","author":"Parker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.30505","article-title":"Idiopathic talipes equinovarus (ITEV) (clubfeet) in Texas","volume":"132a","author":"Moorthi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199107000-00009","article-title":"Risk indicators for talipes equinovarus in Washington State, 1987-1989","volume":"2","author":"Alderman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20625","article-title":"The demographics of talipes equinovarus in Indiana, with a particular emphasis on comparisons between clubfoot types","volume":"32","author":"Akinyoola","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop B"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B43","first-page":"1853","article-title":"Congenital musculoskeletal malformation in South African Blacks: a study of incidence","volume":"50","author":"Pompe van Meerdervoort","year":"1976","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B44","first-page":"15","article-title":"Congenital anomalies in rural Black South African neonates\u2014a silent pandemic?","volume":"85","author":"Venter","year":"1995","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B45","first-page":"11","article-title":"Congenital anomalies in Black South African liveborn neonates at an urban academic hospital","volume":"85","author":"Delport","year":"1995","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-557x.128170","article-title":"Gross congenital malformation at birth in a government hospital","volume":"58","author":"Sachdeva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Public Health"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2022","article-title":"Profile of neonates born with congenital birth defects in a tertiary care hospital of North India: an observational study","volume":"14","author":"Sinha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"QC16","DOI":"10.7860\/jcdr\/2018\/31651.11111","article-title":"Prevalence and pattern of congenital musculoskeletal anomalies: a single centre study","volume":"12","author":"Kumari","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCDR"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B49","first-page":"52","article-title":"Pattern of congenital musculoskeletal abnormalities in South West, Nigeria: A hospital based study","volume":"12","author":"Orimolade","year":"2013","journal-title":"Niger J Orthop Trauma"},{"volume-title":"Modern Epidemiology","year":"2021","author":"Lash","key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B50"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2024.01.015","article-title":"Socioeconomic determinants of health: remoteness from care","volume":"40","author":"Eckersley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"volume-title":"Strengths of Australian Aboriginal Cultural Practices in Family Life and Child Rearing","year":"2014","author":"Lohoar","key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B52"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1080\/01459740.2011.636411","article-title":"Culture, history, and health in an Australian Aboriginal community: the case of Utopia","volume":"31","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Anthropol"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-06564-4","article-title":"From \u201cstuck\u201d to satisfied: Aboriginal people\u2019s experience of culturally safe care with interpreters in a Northern Territory hospital","volume":"21","author":"Kerrigan","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1071\/AH09835","article-title":"\u2018Nowhere to room \u2026 nobody told them\u2019: logistical and cultural impediments to Aboriginal peoples\u2019 participation in cancer treatment","volume":"35","author":"Shahid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aust Health Rev"},{"key":"2025072215313842200_dyaf121-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4306","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16224306v","article-title":"Addressing profound disadvantages to improve indigenous health and reduce hospitalisation: a collaborative community program in remote Northern Territory","volume":"16","author":"Quilty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article-pdf\/54\/4\/dyaf121\/63824190\/dyaf121.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article-pdf\/54\/4\/dyaf121\/63824190\/dyaf121.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T19:31:45Z","timestamp":1753212705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ije\/dyaf121\/8210577"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyaf121","relation":{},"ISSN":["1464-3685"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1464-3685"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"article-number":"dyaf121"}}