{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:22:46Z","timestamp":1787008966035,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["23K16288"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K16288"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although some studies suggest an increased risk of shingles following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, no research has examined this relationship in real-world clinical settings. We aimed to investigate the association between shingles and COVID-19 by using a Japanese inpatient and outpatient claims database.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified patients with COVID-19 from 1 January 2020 to 30 January 2023 by using a Japanese inpatient and outpatient claims database. We also identified those who developed shingles and received antiviral drugs within 90\u2009days before or after their COVID-19 diagnosis. Using self-controlled case series methods, we evaluated the relationship between shingles and COVID-19. We calculated the incidence rate ratio (IRR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] for shingles during the buffer period (days \u201335 to \u20137), pre-exposure period (days \u20136 to 0), and risk periods of the first and second, third and fourth, and fifth and sixth weeks following COVID-19 infection compared with a control period outside these intervals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 399\u200a381 patients with COVID-19, 558 were diagnosed with shingles. The IRR was significantly elevated during the first and second (5.1, 95% CI 3.9\u20136.6), third and fourth (1.7, 95% CI 1.2\u20132.5), and fifth and sixth weeks (1.5, 95% CI 1.0\u20132.3) compared with a control period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study of a Japanese inpatient and outpatient database reveals a relationship between shingles and COVID-19, indicating that shingles may be a characteristic of the virus and highlighting the need for varicella-zoster vaccination alongside SARS-CoV-2 in the COVID-19 era.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaf162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T11:42:09Z","timestamp":1755862929000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Relationship between shingles and coronavirus disease 2019: a self-controlled case series study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Tomoki","family":"Mizuno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital , Miyagi,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital , Miyagi,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8913-1864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital , Miyagi,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital , Miyagi,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University , Miyagi,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shota","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital , Miyagi,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruka","family":"Imai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital , Miyagi,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital , Miyagi,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University , Miyagi,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideya","family":"Itagaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Department of Social and Community Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University , Miyagi,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Akaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Women\u2019s Medical University School of Medicine , Tokyo,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makiko","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital , Miyagi,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University , Miyagi,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Division of the Crisis Management Network for Infectious Diseases, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University , Miyagi,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiro","family":"Endo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital , Miyagi,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital , Miyagi,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University , Miyagi,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Department of Social and Community Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University , Miyagi,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Division of the Crisis Management Network for Infectious Diseases, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University , Miyagi,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00896-5","article-title":"Risk of acute myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke following COVID-19 in Sweden: a self-controlled case series and matched cohort study","volume":"398","author":"Katsoularis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6457","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11216457","article-title":"Characteristics of long COVID: cases from the first to the fifth wave in greater Tokyo, Japan","volume":"11","author":"Hirahata","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00001","article-title":"Manipulation of the innate immune response by varicella zoster virus","volume":"11","author":"Gerada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-173","article-title":"Herpes zoster in Germany: quantifying the burden of disease","volume":"11","author":"Ultsch","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofaa005","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa005","article-title":"Risk factors for herpes zoster infection: a meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Marra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis."},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1177\/20494637211073050","article-title":"Patient-reported quality of life in patients suffering from acute herpes zoster-a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Sollie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Pain."},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B7","first-page":"450","article-title":"Herpes Zoster after tocilizumab therapy in COVID-19 survivor: A case report","volume":"53","author":"Suwenny","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Med Indones"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28745","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28745","article-title":"Long-term risk of herpes zoster following COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study of 2 442 686 patients","volume":"95","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Virol."},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2024.107037","article-title":"Risk of herpes zoster in adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection in Spain: a population-based, retrospective cohort study","volume":"143","author":"Correcher-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"o625","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.o625","article-title":"The self-controlled case series method and covid-19","volume":"377","author":"Farrington","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2025.102666","article-title":"The relationship between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 omicron variant epidemic and acute myocardial infarction: a self-controlled case series study","volume":"31","author":"Suzuki","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother."},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq433","article-title":"Updating and validating the Charlson comorbidity index and score for risk adjustment in hospital discharge abstracts using data from 6 countries","volume":"173","author":"Quan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000182534.19832.83","article-title":"Coding algorithms for defining comorbidities in ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 administrative data","volume":"43","author":"Quan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429491313","volume-title":"Self-Controlled Case Series Studies","author":"Farrington","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5304","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2021.1985890","article-title":"Risk of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome following herpes zoster, United States, 2010-2018","volume":"17","author":"Anderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104306","article-title":"Seasonality of herpes zoster and herpes zoster ophthalmicus","volume":"126","author":"Berlinberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwab073","article-title":"Exploring the seasonal drivers of varicella zoster virus transmission and reactivation","volume":"190","author":"Bakker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12254","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48673-5","article-title":"Elevation of ambient temperature is associated with an increased risk of herpes zoster: a time-series analysis","volume":"9","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw296","article-title":"Increasing incidence of herpes zoster over a 60-year period from a population-based study","volume":"63","author":"Kawai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-023-00902-1","article-title":"Incidence and burden of herpes zoster in Sweden: A regional population-based register study","volume":"13","author":"S\u00f6dergren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofac118","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac118","article-title":"Increased risk of herpes zoster in adults \u226550 years old diagnosed with COVID-19 in the United States","volume":"9","author":"Bhavsar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis."},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1501184","article-title":"Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults","volume":"372","author":"Lal","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B23","author":"National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan SC"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2656","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032656","article-title":"Risk of herpes zoster in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis-a population-based cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S68","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy403","article-title":"Immunobiology of varicella-zoster virus infection","volume":"218","author":"Laing","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03445-13","article-title":"Analysis of T cell responses during active varicella-zoster virus reactivation in human ganglia","volume":"88","author":"Steain","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2020.06.013","article-title":"Lymphopenia during the COVID-19 infection: what it shows and what can be learned","volume":"225","author":"Tavakolpour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2020.6.47919","article-title":"Predictors of mortality in adults admitted with COVID-19: retrospective cohort study from New York City","volume":"21","author":"Chilimuri","year":"2020","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-020-04103-5","article-title":"Hematological findings in coronavirus disease 2019: indications of progression of disease","volume":"99","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e219","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004899","article-title":"Surviving sepsis campaign guidelines on the management of adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the ICU: first update","volume":"49","author":"Alhazzani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e83","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa478","article-title":"Infectious diseases society of America guidelines on the treatment and management of patients with COVID-19 (April 2020)","volume":"78","author":"Bhimraj","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.007","article-title":"ESCMID COVID-19 living guidelines: drug treatment and clinical management","volume":"28","author":"Bartoletti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2021.05.029","article-title":"Corticosteroid use and risk of herpes zoster in a population-based cohort","volume":"96","author":"Qian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241954","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1241954","article-title":"Risk of herpes zoster associated with JAK inhibitors in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-220651","article-title":"Risk of herpes zoster (shingles) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis under biologic, targeted synthetic and conventional synthetic DMARD treatment: data from the German Rabbit register","volume":"81","author":"Redeker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02028-2","article-title":"How COVID-19 shaped mental health: from infection to pandemic effects","volume":"28","author":"Penninx","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2023.100756","article-title":"COVID-19 illness severity and 2-year prevalence of physical symptoms: an observational study in Iceland, Sweden, Norway and Denmark","volume":"35","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igaa057.1283","article-title":"Stress is a risk factor for shingles among older adults","volume":"4","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Innov Aging"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx249","article-title":"Associations of perceived mental stress, sense of purpose in life, and negative life events with the risk of incident herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia: the SHEZ study","volume":"187","author":"Takao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2020.99006","article-title":"Reduction of lymphocyte count at early stage elevates severity and death risk of COVID-19 patients: a hospital-based case-cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Fei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25884","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 3062 COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol."},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0241659","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241659","article-title":"Lymphopenia predicted illness severity and recovery in patients with COVID-19: a single-center, retrospective study","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.3390\/v15101994","article-title":"Clinical severity of SARS-CoV-2 variants during COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses."},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.4065\/82.11.1341","article-title":"A population-based study of the incidence and complication rates of herpes zoster before zoster vaccine introduction","volume":"82","author":"Yawn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad423","article-title":"Asymptomatic testing of hospital admissions for SARS-CoV-2: is it OK to stop?","volume":"78","author":"Brust","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61470","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.61470","article-title":"The utility and limitations of universal polymerase chain reaction screening for SARS-CoV-2 during hospital admission","volume":"16","author":"Ogo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.3390\/covid4100109","article-title":"Incubation periods of SARS-CoV-2 wild-type, Delta, and Omicron variants\u2013dominant periods in Singapore","volume":"4","author":"Conceicao","year":"2024","journal-title":"COVID"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7273","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137273","article-title":"Baricitinib and pulse steroids combination treatment in hyperinflammatory COVID-19: A rheumatological approach in the Intensive Care Unit","volume":"25","author":"Ferro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2025092619540981900_dyaf162-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.215","article-title":"Evidence-based medicine in otolaryngology part 14: falsehood and bias","volume":"168","author":"Mallur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article-pdf\/54\/5\/dyaf162\/64416956\/dyaf162.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article-pdf\/54\/5\/dyaf162\/64416956\/dyaf162.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T23:54:18Z","timestamp":1758930858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ije\/dyaf162\/8266648"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyaf162","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-5771","1464-3685"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-5771","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-3685","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"article-number":"dyaf162"}}