{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T14:35:12Z","timestamp":1767364512457,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["# UH3OD023287"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# UH3OD023287"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["# P30ES007048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# P30ES007048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Childhood exposure to air pollution has long-term effects on adult bronchitic symptoms, but the age windows of susceptibility are understudied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 1444 participants from the Southern California Children\u2019s Health Study, who were recruited at ages \u223c9\u201310\u00a0years in 1992\u20131993 or 1995\u20131996 or ages \u223c5\u20137\u00a0years in 2002\u20132003, followed until high-school graduation, and re-contacted again in adulthood (mean age\u2009=\u200933\u2009years) to collect self-reported bronchitic symptoms. Yearly average nitrogen dioxide (NO2), 8-h maximum ground-level ozone (O3), and particulate matter of \u226410 \u00b5m in diameter (PM10) were estimated by using inverse-distance squared spatial interpolation to participants\u2019 residential history from conception to age 16\u00a0years. Log Poisson Distributed Lag Models were fitted to identify susceptible windows of childhood exposure to air pollution on adult bronchitic symptoms adjusted for childhood and adult confounders. We explored sex-specific susceptible windows.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified ages 1\u20132\u2009years as a susceptible window in which NO2 exposure was associated with a higher risk of adult bronchitic symptoms, with the largest associations observed at age 1\u00a0year (risk ratio per 10\u2009ppb\u2009=\u20091.12; 95%\u00a0confidence interval: 1.01, 1.25). We observed both positive (ages 12\u201315\u2009years) and inverse (ages 8\u201311\u2009years) associations with O3 exposure. Suggestive evidence of increased risk at ages 3\u20134\u00a0years was observed for PM10. There was no evidence of sex differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early childhood might be a particularly susceptible window of exposure to NO2 (ages 1\u20132\u2009years) and possibly for PM10 (ages 3\u20134\u2009years) for increased risk of adult bronchitic symptoms, while early adolescence (ages 12\u201315\u2009years) might be a susceptible window for O3 exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaf205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T13:04:13Z","timestamp":1763125453000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Susceptible windows of long-term childhood exposure to air pollution on adult self-reported bronchitic 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