{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T14:35:11Z","timestamp":1767364511809,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004622","name":"Dutch Cancer Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6987"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6987"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004622","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004622","name":"Dutch Cancer Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12560"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004622","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8520001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8520001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["85500003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["85500003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Dutch Cancer Society and the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Epidemiological studies evaluating the potential association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and melanoma risk have reported conflicting results. We assessed the association of OC use with melanoma risk in a large prospective cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Nightingale Study comprises 59\u200a944 Dutch female nurses at ages 19\u201365\u2009years (mean, 46.9\u2009years; SD, 11.0) who completed a baseline questionnaire in 2011, including information on lifetime OC use. Melanoma incidence was retrieved through linkage with the Netherlands Cancer Registry. Associations between lifetime OC use and risk of melanoma were assessed by using Cox proportional hazard models. Women who used OCs at baseline were considered current users and women who had used OCs but stopped before baseline were considered former users. Never OC users were defined as the reference.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During 10\u2009years of follow-up, 447 women were diagnosed with melanoma. Melanoma risk was not increased among women who used OCs for a duration of &amp;lt;9, 10\u201315, or \u226516\u2009years compared with never CO users. Melanoma risk was increased for current OC users [hazard ratio (HR), 1.53; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03\u20132.29], without a trend with duration of use (P-trend = .42) and age at cohort entry (P-trend = .05). Melanoma risk was not increased among former OC users (HR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.72\u20131.38) nor when they had last used OC &amp;lt;2\u2009years before baseline (HR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.36\u20131.32).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current OC use was associated with increased melanoma risk, irrespective of the duration or recency of use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaf213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T13:05:02Z","timestamp":1764248702000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oral contraceptive use and risk of melanoma in a large cohort of Dutch nurses"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5286-368X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linske","family":"De Bruijn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute , Amsterdam,","place":["Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henri\u00ebtte M","family":"Van Duijne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute , Amsterdam,","place":["Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nina E","family":"Berentzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute , Amsterdam,","place":["Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4082-8163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roel C H","family":"Vermeulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht,","place":["Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9096-692X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelle J","family":"Vlaanderen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht,","place":["Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4233-1890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans","family":"Kromhout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht,","place":["Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"J\u00f3\u017awiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biostatistics and Registry Research, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane , Neuruppin,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5871-1484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flora E","family":"Van Leeuwen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute , Amsterdam,","place":["Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4390-7182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Schaapveld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute , Amsterdam,","place":["Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010209332723600_dyaf213-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2022.0160","article-title":"Global burden of cutaneous melanoma in 2020 and projections to 2040","volume":"158","author":"Arnold","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"2026010209332723600_dyaf213-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1996.03890280098014","article-title":"Prevention and early detection strategies for melanoma and skin cancer. Current status","volume":"132","author":"Koh","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"2026010209332723600_dyaf213-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31527","article-title":"Global burden of cutaneous melanoma attributable to ultraviolet radiation in 2012","volume":"143","author":"Arnold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2026010209332723600_dyaf213-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2020.0470","article-title":"Evaluation of sex-specific incidence of melanoma","volume":"156","author":"Olsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"2026010209332723600_dyaf213-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2011.04.038","article-title":"Melanoma in adolescents and young adults (ages 15-39 years): United States, 1999-2006","volume":"65","author":"Weir","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2026010209332723600_dyaf213-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19498","article-title":"Reproductive factors, hormone use and melanoma risk: an Australian prospective cohort study","volume":"184","author":"Olsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2026010209332723600_dyaf213-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3192","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14133192","article-title":"Exogenous hormone factors in relation to the risk of malignant melanoma in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Chiavarini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"2026010209332723600_dyaf213-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2702","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.Ccr-09-1753","article-title":"Estrogen receptor mutations and changes in downstream gene expression and signaling","volume":"16","author":"Barone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026010209332723600_dyaf213-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8111463","article-title":"Estrogen receptors and melanoma: a review","volume":"8","author":"Dika","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026010209332723600_dyaf213-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1998.02037.x","article-title":"Cutaneous malignant melanoma in women and the role of oral contraceptives","volume":"138","author":"Gefeller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2026010209332723600_dyaf213-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6600196","article-title":"A pooled analysis of 10 case-control studies of melanoma and oral contraceptive use","volume":"86","author":"Karagas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2026010209332723600_dyaf213-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2011.04.023","article-title":"Hormonal and reproductive factors in relation to melanoma in women: current review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Gandini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"2026010209332723600_dyaf213-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.2147\/clep.S273566","article-title":"Effects of exogenous hormones and reproductive factors on female melanoma: a meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026010209332723600_dyaf213-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-14-47","article-title":"The Nightingale study: rationale, study design and baseline characteristics of a prospective cohort study on shift work and breast cancer risk among nurses","volume":"14","author":"Pijpe","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"2026010209332723600_dyaf213-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stamet.2006.03.002","article-title":"Inferences on missing information under multiple imputation and two-stage multiple imputation","volume":"4","author":"Harel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stat Methodol"},{"key":"2026010209332723600_dyaf213-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119756118","volume-title":"Multiple Imputation and Its Application","author":"Carpenter","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026010209332723600_dyaf213-B17","volume-title":"Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys","author":"Rubin","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026010209332723600_dyaf213-B18","volume-title":"Body Surface Area","author":"Flint","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026010209332723600_dyaf213-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6690787","article-title":"Oral contraceptive use and risk of melanoma in premenopausal women","volume":"81","author":"Feskanich","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2026010209332723600_dyaf213-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2022.10.010","article-title":"The effect of menopausal hormone therapy on the risk of melanoma and keratinocyte skin cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"168","author":"Lallas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2026010209332723600_dyaf213-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31644","article-title":"Oral contraceptive use and cutaneous melanoma risk: a French prospective cohort study","volume":"143","author":"Cervenka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2026010209332723600_dyaf213-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2019.01.008","article-title":"Cutaneous tumoural melanosis: a presentation of complete regression of cutaneous melanoma","volume":"51","author":"Ching","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"2026010209332723600_dyaf213-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12911","article-title":"Role of broad-spectrum sunscreen alone in the improvement of melasma area severity index (MASI) and Melasma Quality of Life Index in melasma","volume":"18","author":"Sarkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"2026010209332723600_dyaf213-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2147\/ijwh.S6954","article-title":"Review of the safety, efficacy and patient acceptability of the combined dienogest\/estradiol valerate contraceptive pill","volume":"2","author":"Guida","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Womens Health"},{"key":"2026010209332723600_dyaf213-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s12445-020-0608-7","article-title":"Herziening NHG-standaard anticonceptie","volume":"63","author":"Damen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Huisarts Wet"},{"key":"2026010209332723600_dyaf213-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2012.11.004","article-title":"History of oral contraceptive drugs and their use worldwide","volume":"27","author":"Christin-Maitre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026010209332723600_dyaf213-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-019-0411-z","article-title":"Reproductive factors, exogenous hormone use and incidence of melanoma among women in the United States","volume":"120","author":"Donley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article-pdf\/55\/1\/dyaf213\/66209230\/dyaf213.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article-pdf\/55\/1\/dyaf213\/66209230\/dyaf213.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T14:33:36Z","timestamp":1767364416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ije\/dyaf213\/8408421"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyaf213","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-5771","1464-3685"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-5771","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-3685","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"article-number":"dyaf213"}}