{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T02:53:13Z","timestamp":1791341593112,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":38,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005036","name":"University of Bergen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005036","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"RHINE"},{"name":"Swedish Heart and Lung Association, V\u00e5rdal Foundation for Healthcare Science and Allergy Research"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010234","name":"Asthma and Allergy Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010234","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"RHINESSA"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["274767"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["274767"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["214123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["214123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["228174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["228174"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["230827"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["230827"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["273838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["273838"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ERC StG project BRuSH","award":["804199"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["804199"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program","award":["633212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["633212"]}]},{"name":"Bergen Medical Research Foundation"},{"name":"Western Norwegian Regional Health Authorities","award":["912011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["912011"]}]},{"name":"Western Norwegian Regional Health Authorities","award":["911892"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["911892"]}]},{"name":"Western Norwegian Regional Health Authorities","award":["911631"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["911631"]}]},{"name":"Uppsala RHINESSA"},{"name":"Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010234","name":"Swedish Asthma and Allergy Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010234","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence suggests that a father\u2019s smoking in puberty may adversely impact respiratory health in offspring, possibly through epigenetic changes in germ cells. This study investigates whether snus use starting in or after puberty influences respiratory health in future offspring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analysed Swedish data from RHINE (Respiratory Health in Northern Europe) parents and RHINESSA (Respiratory Health in Northern Europe, Spain and Australia) offspring by using mixed-effect logistic regression to assess the links between paternal snus initiation around puberty and offspring asthma, chronic bronchitis, rhinitis, and eczema, adjusting for paternal and offspring smoking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 1090 offspring\u2013father pairs. The offspring\u2019s median age was 29\u2009years (17\u201351) and 55% were women. The maternal line (n\u2009=\u20091421) was not analysed, as &amp;lt;1% of mothers used snus in puberty. The offspring of fathers starting snus use in puberty (n\u2009=\u200989) had a higher risk of current allergic asthma [odds ratio (OR) 1.42; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02\u20131.97], at least three asthma symptoms with allergy (OR 1.13; 95% CI 1.10\u20131.21), chronic bronchitis (OR 2.17; 95% CI 1.04\u20134.54), and eczema (OR 1.45; 95% CI 1.27\u20131.65). Fathers\u2019 snus use starting after puberty (n\u2009=\u2009252) showed no consistent associations with offspring outcomes. The effect estimates were consistent after excluding offspring using snus in puberty.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Paternal snus use starting in puberty was associated with a higher risk of asthma and other respiratory and allergic symptoms in offspring. These findings support the hypothesis that exposures in puberty may impact future generations\u2019 respiratory health, possibly through epigenetic changes. This highlights the need for research on exposures during this period and actions to prevent habits that could negatively impact future offspring\u2019s health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyag035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T19:31:58Z","timestamp":1774726318000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Paternal snus use in puberty and increased risk for asthma and allergies in offspring: a RHINE\/RHINESSA two-generation study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4668-911X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Pablo","family":"L\u00f3pez-Cervantes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen , 5020, Bergen,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital , 5021, Bergen,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5319-525X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Randi J","family":"Bertelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen , 5021, Bergen,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4915-1734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivi","family":"Schl\u00fcnssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Research Unit for Environment, Occupation and Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University , 8000, Aarhus,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9327-5139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathias","family":"Holm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , 41390, Gothenburg,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4098-7765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei","family":"Malinovschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences: Clinical Physiology, Uppsala University , 751 85, Uppsala,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Modig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health, Ume\u00e5 University , Ume\u00e5,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9876-0627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Oudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public 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University of Verona , 37134, Verona,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6561-3746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elin Helga","family":"Thorarinsdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care of the Capital Area, Reykjavik, Iceland and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland , Reykjavik,","place":["Iceland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5093-6980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christer","family":"Janson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Research, Uppsala University , 751 85, Uppsala,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1510-6193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Accordini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of 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