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We aimed to examine the association between ambient temperature exposure during early pregnancy and crown\u2013rump length (CRL).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from the Generation R Next Study (2017\u20132021) were analysed, with findings replicated in the Generation R Study (2002\u20132006), both population-based cohorts based in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Weekly mean temperatures were modeled from the last menstrual period onward at a spatial resolution of 100\u2009\u00d7\u2009100\u2009m by using the UrbClim\u2122 model. The CRL was measured via 2D ultrasound at approximately 8, 10, and 12 weeks\u2019 gestation in pregnancies with regular menstrual cycles. Distributed lag nonlinear models were applied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Generation R Next (N\u2009=\u20091378; mean maternal age 31.9\u2009years), higher temperatures during the first 9\u2009weeks were associated with a smaller CRL at 12\u2009weeks {e.g. \u22127.2\u2009mm [95% confidence interval (CI) \u221212.0, \u22122.3] at 19.2 vs 9.0\u00b0C during weeks 1\u20136}. Colder exposures during the first 11\u2009weeks were also associated with a smaller CRL [\u22127.6\u2009mm (95%\u00a0CI \u221211.9, \u22123.3) at 3.6 vs 9.0\u00b0C during weeks 1\u201311]. No associations were observed for CRL at 8 or 10\u2009weeks. Similar associations with cold, but not heat, were observed in the replication cohort (N\u2009=\u20091520).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Moderate cold and heat exposure during early pregnancy may affect fetal development as early as the first trimester. These findings indicate that early gestational development may be sensitive to ambient temperature and, as environmental conditions shift, may have potential clinical implications for birth outcomes and long-term health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyag060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T11:26:50Z","timestamp":1778585210000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations of ambient temperature exposure with embryonic and early fetal development"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3285-7431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esm\u00e9e","family":"Essers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal , Barcelona,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Barcelona,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry\/Psychology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center , Rotterdam,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center , Rotterdam,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1461-3831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmin M","family":"de Groot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center , Rotterdam,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Sophia\u2019s Children\u2019s Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center , Rotterdam,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6035-2743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naomi","family":"Graafland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center , Rotterdam,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center , Rotterdam,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7565-1938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romy","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center , Rotterdam,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Sophia\u2019s Children\u2019s Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center , Rotterdam,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5156-0732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"I\u00f1iguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Statistics and Operational Research, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia , Valencia,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0432-0664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sami","family":"Petricola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal , Barcelona,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2939-0041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Jaddoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center , Rotterdam,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Sophia\u2019s Children\u2019s Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center , Rotterdam,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9763-5015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanan","family":"El Marroun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry\/Psychology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center , Rotterdam,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam , Rotterdam,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4395-1397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henning","family":"Tiemeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Harvard T.H. 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