{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T08:26:39Z","timestamp":1777969599438,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Higher Degree by Research (HDR) full scholarship from the Curtin University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) represent a key tool in reducing human vector contact for malaria control. However, increasing insecticide resistance of malaria vectors threatens the effectiveness of pyrethroid-only nets in reducing malaria risk. Next-generation nets, such as those with dual-active ingredients, have been recommended for use in areas with high malaria burden and confirmed pyrethroid resistance. Here, we assessed the impact of the distribution of Interceptor\u00ae G2 (IG2) ITNs on malaria cases in the Western North Region of Ghana distributed in 2021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analysed monthly numbers of confirmed malaria cases reported by health facilities in the Western North Region from 2018 to 2023. To control for possible confounding effects of climate, monthly mean values of modelled vector habitat suitability and temperature suitability were included. Bayesian Poisson regression time series models were developed to assess the immediate and sustained impact of IG2 ITNs on malaria case trends measured as odds ratio (OR) with their corresponding credible intervals (CrI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Malaria cases reduced by 30% (OR, 0.696; CrI, 0.623\u20130.778) immediately after the distribution of IG2 ITNs in the Western North Region. This effect was sustained at 6 months up to 30 months post-intervention, where cases reduced by 26% (OR, 0.739; CrI, 0.653\u20130.837) and 40% (OR, 0.594; CrI, 0.492\u20130.718), respectively. The intervention was also strongly associated with reductions in malaria cases in seven of the nine districts in the region, after controlling for climatic factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates the effectiveness of dual-active Interceptor\u00ae G2 ITNs in the Western North Region, an area with confirmed pyrethroid resistance. The findings support the scale-up of next-generation nets by National Malaria Programs and highlight the need for further research to explore the utility of these nets in other high-burden malaria areas with region-specific insecticide resistance profiles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyag067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T12:48:47Z","timestamp":1776430127000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reductions in malaria cases after deployment of dual-active ingredient insecticide-treated nets in Ghana\u2014a Bayesian interrupted time series analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5581-4613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel Kweku","family":"Oppong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health, Curtin University , Kent Street , Bentley, Western Australia, 6102,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"National Malaria Elimination Programme, Ghana Health Service , Accra, 233,","place":["Ghana"]},{"name":"The Kids Research Institute Australia , 15 Hospital Avenue , Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Otubea","family":"Owusu-Akrofi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Malaria Elimination Programme, Ghana Health Service , Accra, 233,","place":["Ghana"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Atta-Obeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Malaria Elimination Programme, Ghana Health Service , Accra, 233,","place":["Ghana"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvester","family":"Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Department of Vector Biology, , Pembroke Place , Liverpool, L3 5QA,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Punam","family":"Amratia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health, Curtin University , Kent Street , Bentley, Western Australia, 6102,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Ifakara Health Institute Malaria Atlas Project, EA Node, , Dar es Salam, P.O. Box 78373,","place":["Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tasmin L","family":"Symons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kids Research Institute Australia , 15 Hospital Avenue , Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kefyalew Addis","family":"Alene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health, Curtin University , Kent Street , Bentley, Western Australia, 6102,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"The Kids Research Institute Australia , 15 Hospital Avenue , Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nana Yaw","family":"Peprah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Malaria Elimination Programme, Ghana Health Service , Accra, 233,","place":["Ghana"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter W","family":"Gething","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health, Curtin University , Kent Street , Bentley, Western Australia, 6102,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"The Kids Research Institute Australia , 15 Hospital Avenue , Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keziah Lawrencia","family":"Malm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Malaria Elimination Programme, Ghana Health Service , Accra, 233,","place":["Ghana"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026050503560153200_dyag067-B1","author":"Fact sheet about malaria","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026050503560153200_dyag067-B2","first-page":"CD000363","article-title":"Insecticide-treated nets for preventing malaria","volume":"11","author":"Pryce","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026050503560153200_dyag067-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2000.00211.x","article-title":"Safety of pyrethroid-treated mosquito nets","volume":"14","author":"Zaim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"2026050503560153200_dyag067-B4","author":"Malaria vector control","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026050503560153200_dyag067-B5","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026050503560153200_dyag067-B6","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026050503560153200_dyag067-B7","author":"National Malaria Control Programme, University of Health & Allied Sciences, AGA Malaria Control Programme, World Health Organization and the INFORM Project","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026050503560153200_dyag067-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-71","article-title":"Evaluation of a universal long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) distribution campaign in Ghana: cost effectiveness of distribution and hang-up activities","volume":"13","author":"Smith Paintain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2026050503560153200_dyag067-B9","author":"National Malaria Control Programme, Global Malaria Programme, WHO. Stratification and analysis for optimizing mix of interventions and resource prioritization. Ghana","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026050503560153200_dyag067-B10","author":"Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) and ICF","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026050503560153200_dyag067-B11","volume-title":"Ghana Demographic and Health Survey 2022: Key Indicators Report","author":"Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) and ICF","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026050503560153200_dyag067-B12","author":"Okertchiri","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026050503560153200_dyag067-B13","author":"Profile of the Western North Region\u2014Western North RCC","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026050503560153200_dyag067-B14","author":"Ghana Statistical Service","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026050503560153200_dyag067-B15","author":"MOH\/GHS, NMCP","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026050503560153200_dyag067-B16","author":"chimgh.org","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026050503560153200_dyag067-B17","first-page":"1754","article-title":"Comparing methods for estimating habitat suitability","volume":"11","author":"Muhammed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Land (Basel)"},{"key":"2026050503560153200_dyag067-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-171","article-title":"Air temperature suitability for Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission in Africa 2000-2012: a high-resolution spatiotemporal prediction","volume":"13","author":"Weiss","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2026050503560153200_dyag067-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v063.i19","article-title":"Bayesian spatial modelling with R-INLA","volume":"63","author":"Lindgren","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Stat Soft"},{"key":"2026050503560153200_dyag067-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04154-1","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on malaria cases in health facilities in northern Ghana: a retrospective analysis of routine surveillance data","volume":"21","author":"Heuschen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2026050503560153200_dyag067-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0000509","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000509","article-title":"Evaluating the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on complicated malaria admissions and outcomes in the paediatric Ho Teaching Hospital of the Volta Region of Ghana","volume":"2","author":"Orish","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"2026050503560153200_dyag067-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dyae137","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyae137","article-title":"Staggered interventions with no control groups","volume":"53","author":"Batomen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026050503560153200_dyag067-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0827-8","article-title":"Effect of insecticide-treated bed net usage on under-five mortality in northern Ghana","volume":"14","author":"Afoakwah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2026050503560153200_dyag067-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30172-5","article-title":"Implications of insecticide resistance for malaria vector control with long-lasting insecticidal nets: a WHO-coordinated, prospective, international, observational cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Kleinschmidt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026050503560153200_dyag067-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2023.e00302","article-title":"Prevalence of malaria infection and the impact of mosquito bed net distribution among children aged 6\u201359 months in Ghana: evidence from the Ghana demographic health and malarial indicator surveys","volume":"21","author":"Tetteh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiol Control."},{"key":"2026050503560153200_dyag067-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e87710","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087710","article-title":"Mosquito nets treated with a mixture of chlorfenapyr and alphacypermethrin control pyrethroid resistant Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in West Africa","volume":"9","author":"N\u2019Guessan","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026050503560153200_dyag067-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819563","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/819563","article-title":"Factors contributing to urban malaria transmission in sub-saharan africa: a systematic review","volume":"2012","author":"De Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Trop Med"},{"key":"2026050503560153200_dyag067-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1069","article-title":"Urbanization, malaria transmission and disease burden in Africa","volume":"3","author":"Hay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2026050503560153200_dyag067-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04490-w","article-title":"Reported reasons for non-use of insecticide-treated nets in large national household surveys, 2009-2021","volume":"22","author":"Koenker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2026050503560153200_dyag067-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0289469","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0289469","article-title":"Effectiveness of dual active ingredient insecticide-treated nets in preventing malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Barker","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026050503560153200_dyag067-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-04989-w","article-title":"Physical and insecticidal durability of Interceptor\u00ae, Interceptor\u00ae G2, and PermaNet\u00ae 3.0 insecticide-treated nets in Burkina Faso: results of durability monitoring in three sites from 2019 to 2022","volume":"23","author":"Raharinjatovo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2026050503560153200_dyag067-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02499-5","article-title":"Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness against malaria of three types of dual-active-ingredient long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) compared with pyrethroid-only LLINs in Tanzania: a four-arm, cluster-randomised trial","volume":"399","author":"Mosha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article-pdf\/55\/3\/dyag067\/68210265\/dyag067.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article-pdf\/55\/3\/dyag067\/68210265\/dyag067.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T07:56:11Z","timestamp":1777967771000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ije\/dyag067\/8667252"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyag067","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-5771","1464-3685"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-5771","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-3685","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"article-number":"dyag067"}}