{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T19:19:59Z","timestamp":1778613599171,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012737","name":"Victorian Department of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012737","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2014, a coal mine fire in rural Australia shrouded nearby towns in smoke for several weeks. In response to community concerns and a lack of available evidence, the Victorian Department of Health commissioned a long-term health study. This article evaluates smoke effects on mortality 9\u2009years after the fire.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2016\u201317, 2872 individuals living near the mine during the fire were recruited into a cohort study and consented to linkage of their data. Time-location diaries were blended with estimates of hourly fire-related fine particulate matter \u22642.5\u2009\u00b5m (PM2.5) to generate individual exposure measures. Mortality data were obtained up to mid-2023 by linkage with the National Death Index. Cardiac, cancer, and respiratory-related deaths were identifiable up to December 2021 and predicted thereafter to mid-2023. All-cause mortality effects were evaluated with Cox proportional-hazards models and cause-specific mortality with a competing risk survival model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nine years post-fire, 318 (11%) of the sample had died. All-cause mortality was not associated with PM2.5 exposure. There was no detectable effect on cancer deaths. However, a 10\u2009\u00b5g\/m3 increase in daily mean exposure to fire-related PM2.5 was associated with an 18% (95% CI: 2%\u201337%) higher risk of cardiac mortality, while PM2.5 exacerbated risk of respiratory mortality from tobacco use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fire-related PM2.5 increased cardiac mortality and smoking effects on respiratory mortality years after the event. These findings concord with a growing body of evidence on the deadly risks of wildfire smoke. Protecting communities and individuals from smoke during and after large fire events should be a public health priority.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyag071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T11:51:58Z","timestamp":1776858718000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mortality in relation to smoke exposure 9\u2009years after the Hazelwood coal mine fire"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5992-1459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Walker-Bone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University , Melbourne, VIC,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0987-2759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline X","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University , Melbourne, VIC,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Orygen, Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9327-0154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine L","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University , Melbourne, VIC,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Orygen, Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University , Melbourne, 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VIC,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Rural Health Churchill, Monash University , Churchill, VIC,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J","family":"Abramson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University , Melbourne, VIC,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuming","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University , Melbourne, VIC,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6089-1827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tyler J","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and 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