{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T06:14:11Z","timestamp":1785046451996,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":40,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018688","name":"Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["4836-303-210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4836-303-210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018688","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00227944"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00227944"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["HI20C0200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI20C0200"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine is generally considered to provide lifelong immunity against measles and rubella. However, occasional measles outbreaks in countries with high vaccine coverage have raised concerns about waning immunity. In this study, we aimed to estimate the duration of vaccine-induced immunity following MMR2 vaccination in settings where measles and rubella have been eliminated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using 2019 national serosurvey data, this study estimated antibody waning (decay) rates for each antigen after MMR2 vaccination, with age as a proxy for time since vaccination. In South Korea, MMR2 coverage has exceeded 95% from the 1995 birth cohort, and no significant measles or rubella outbreaks have occurred since 2001, allowing for homogeneous cohorts. Additionally, the time required for the geometric mean titers of each antibody to reach the seronegative cutoff levels was calculated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The average antibody decay rates for MMR were 8.71%, 12.02%, and 5.48% per year, respectively, after MMR2 vaccination. The duration of vaccine-induced immunity was estimated to be 19\u2009years for measles, 9.71\u2009years for mumps, and 31.57\u2009years for rubella when equivocal results were considered negative. If equivocal results were considered positive, the duration would be 27.32\u2009years for measles, 15.25\u2009years for mumps, and 39.77\u2009years for rubella.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Here, we found that individuals who have not experienced natural infection exhibited age-dependent waning of vaccine-induced immunity. While vaccination remains the most effective way to prevent disease, continued vigilance is necessary even in countries with high vaccine coverage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyag076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T11:30:57Z","timestamp":1777289457000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Duration of vaccine-induced immunity following MMR2 vaccination in a measles and rubella-eliminated country"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9345-6645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"June Young","family":"Chun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, National Cancer Center , Goyang,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5610-3787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ah-Ra","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Research for Vaccine, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health , Cheongju,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hwichang","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Seoul National University , Seoul,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"You-Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease Vaccine Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health , Cheongju,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hae Ji","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Acute Viral Diseases, Center for Emerging Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health , Cheongju,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9819-2398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hye-Sook","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Research for Vaccine, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health , Cheongju,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4212-5501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gi-Eun","family":"Rhie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health , Cheongju,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youngmee","family":"Jee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency , Cheongju,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongdai","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Seoul National University , Seoul,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junewoo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Research for Vaccine, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health , Cheongju,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S115","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2015.30.S2.S115","article-title":"Measles elimination activities in the Western Pacific region: experience from the Republic of Korea","volume":"30","author":"Choe","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B2","author":"Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B3","author":"Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B4","author":"Korea National Institute of Health","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.040","article-title":"Estimating contact-adjusted immunity levels against measles in South Korea and prospects for maintaining elimination status","volume":"38","author":"Chun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B6","first-page":"118","article-title":"Elimination of measles in the Republic of Korea, 2001-2006 = Elimination de la rougeole en R\u00e9publique de Cor\u00e9e, 2001-2006","volume":"82","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2007","journal-title":"Weekly Epidemiological Record = Relev\u00e9 \u00c9pid\u00e9miologique Hebdomadaire"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B7","volume-title":"Third Annual Meeting of the Regional Verification Commission for Measles Elimination in the Western Pacific, Seoul, Republic Of Korea, 18\u201321 March 2014: Report","author":"World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e119","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2024.39.e119","article-title":"Twenty years of progress and the way forward: immunization registry information system in Korea","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2015.47.1.1","article-title":"Resurgence of mumps in Korea","volume":"47","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Chemother"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B10","volume-title":"Sixth Annual Meeting of the Regional Verification Commission for Measles Elimination in the Western Pacific, Beijing, China, 12\u201315 September 2017: Meeting Report","author":"World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.06.058","article-title":"An increasing, potentially measles-susceptible population over time after vaccination in Korea","volume":"35","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e766","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00181-6","article-title":"Long-term waning of vaccine-induced immunity to measles in England: a mathematical modelling study","volume":"9","author":"Robert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.07.078","article-title":"Measles infection in persons with secondary vaccine failure, New York City, 2018-19","volume":"39","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07511-2","article-title":"Immunogenicity after outbreak response immunization activities among young healthcare workers with secondary vaccine failure during the measles epidemic in Korea, 2019","volume":"22","author":"Seok","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9050501","article-title":"Risk of absence of measles antibody in healthcare personnel and efficacy of booster vaccination","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199612000-00005","article-title":"Measles vaccine effectiveness and duration of vaccine-induced immunity in the absence of boosting from exposure to measles virus","volume":"15","author":"G\u00fcri\u015f","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.10.076","article-title":"Durability of humoral immune responses to rubella following MMR vaccination","volume":"38","author":"Crooke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa066092","article-title":"Duration of humoral immunity to common viral and vaccine antigens","volume":"357","author":"Amanna","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aao5945","article-title":"Vaccine waning and mumps re-emergence in the United States","volume":"10","author":"Lewnard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.2009.42.2.104","article-title":"Validity of measles immunization certificates submitted upon enrollment in an elementary school in Korea","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Prev Med Public Health"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B21","author":"Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt228","article-title":"Data resource profile: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)","volume":"43","author":"Kweon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2016.31.12.1957","article-title":"Seroprevalences of specific IgG antibodies to measles, mumps, and rubella in Korean infants","volume":"31","author":"Cho","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B24","first-page":"615","article-title":"Predicting and comparing long-term measles antibody profiles of different immunization policies","volume":"79","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2307\/1907382","article-title":"Estimation of relationships for limited dependent variables","volume":"26","author":"Tobin","year":"1958","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B26","author":"Statistics KOREA"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwad065","article-title":"Quantification of waning immunity after measles vaccination-evidence from a seroprevalence study","volume":"192","author":"Zibolenov\u00e1","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2025.30.16.2400684","article-title":"Seroprevalence against measles, Austria, stratified by birth years 1922 to 2024","volume":"30","author":"Springer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.075","article-title":"Measles, mumps, and rubella antibody patterns of persistence and rate of decline following the second dose of the MMR vaccine","volume":"36","author":"Seagle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000278","article-title":"Estimating vaccine coverage from serial trivariate serologic data in the presence of waning immunity","volume":"26","author":"Wood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/162.5.1036","article-title":"Measles antibody: reevaluation of protective titers","volume":"162","author":"Chen","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.4.811-815.1995","article-title":"Comparison of commercial enzyme immunoassay kits with plaque reduction neutralization test for detection of measles virus antibody","volume":"33","author":"Ratnam","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B33","author":"Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.14776\/kjpid.2001.8.2.280","article-title":"2000\u223c2001 result and lesson of the measles campaign for measles epidemic elimination","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Korean J Pediatr Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026052711482701000_dyag076-B35","author":"Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article-pdf\/55\/3\/dyag076\/68411484\/dyag076.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article-pdf\/55\/3\/dyag076\/68411484\/dyag076.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T15:48:35Z","timestamp":1779896915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ije\/dyag076\/8696194"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyag076","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-5771","1464-3685"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-5771","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-3685","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"article-number":"dyag076"}}