{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T21:08:14Z","timestamp":1789247294124,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001869","name":"Academia Sinica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AS-SS-107-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AS-SS-107-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001869","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Population Health and Welfare Research Center from Featured Areas Research Center"},{"name":"Higher Education Sprout"},{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["NTU-114L9004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NTU-114L9004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Available evidence on the relationship between long-term exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of \u22642.5\u2009\u03bcm (PM2.5) and tuberculosis has been limited and inconsistent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a longitudinal cohort study on individuals aged \u226512\u2009years who participated in four rounds of the National Health Interview Survey. PM2.5 exposure was estimated by using data from air-quality monitoring stations and microsensors. Incident tuberculosis was identified based on International Classification of Diseases codes and the prescription of anti-tuberculosis drugs in the National Health Insurance Database. Time-dependent Cox regression analyses were conducted to estimate the linear and nonlinear associations between PM2.5 level and tuberculosis risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 55\u2009316 individuals with a median follow-up time of 12\u2009years, 429 cases of incident tuberculosis were identified. The annual mean baseline PM2.5 concentration was 34.5\u2009\u03bcg\/m3 (interquartile range: 28.7\u201339.2\u2009\u03bcg\/m3). After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, cigarette smoking, alcohol use, education level, income, and tuberculosis history, the adjusted hazard ratio was 1.16 (95% confidence interval: 1.00\u20131.34) for every 10-\u03bcg\/m3 increase in the PM2.5 level. The results of the restricted cubic spline Cox regression analysis revealed a potential nonlinear relationship (P for nonlinearity: .04), with the risk of tuberculosis increasing more rapidly when the annual mean concentration of PM2.5 exceeded 30\u2009\u03bcg\/m3.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this large population-based cohort study, a positive association between PM2.5 and tuberculosis was observed, particularly at moderately high concentrations of PM2.5 exposure. These findings highlight the need for air-pollution control strategies to mitigate tuberculosis risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyag100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T16:42:18Z","timestamp":1783356138000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ambient air pollution and risk of active tuberculosis: a population-based cohort study in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Bo-Siang","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University , Taipei,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Cheng","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master Program in Applied Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University , Taipei,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"School of Public 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