{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T07:03:47Z","timestamp":1790233427493,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023670","name":"Nyckelfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["984743"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["984743"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023670","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023670","name":"Nyckelfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1013159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1013159"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023670","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined the association of peripubertal pregnancies with long-term health and developmental outcomes in adult offspring and strengthened causal inference using sibling-comparison methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using linked Swedish register data from 1964 to 2018, we conducted a cohort study to estimate associations of pregnancies before age 16\u2009years compared with pregnancies between ages 16 and 25\u2009years, with body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), cognitive function, and stress resilience among 943\u2009444 male offspring aged 17\u201321\u2009years in the Military Conscription Register. We further assessed associations with type 2 diabetes (T2D), depression, and anxiety among 2\u2009461\u2009510 male and female offspring aged 18\u201373\u2009years using population-wide registers. Linear, multinomial, and survival models were used. Sibling fixed-effect models were used to account for unmeasured confounding shared among siblings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Offspring from pregnancies before age 16\u2009years compared with pregnancies between ages 16 and 25\u2009years had lower SBP (\u03b2\u2009\u2212\u20091.12; 95% confidence interval [CI]\u2009\u2212\u20091.97 to \u22120.26), poorer cognitive function (\u03b2 \u2009\u2212\u20090.54; 95% CI \u22120.67 to \u22120.40), and poorer stress resilience (\u03b2 \u22120.24; 95% CI \u22120.38, \u22120.10). There was no increased risk of being underweight or overweight compared with normal weight. There was a lower risk of anxiety (hazard ratio 0.87; 95% CI 0.80 to 0.95) and no increased risk of T2D or depression. Sibling-comparison analyses attenuated deleterious associations to null or reversed them and amplified associations with markers of better health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pregnancies before age 16\u2009years may not be causally associated with adverse long-term health and developmental outcomes in adolescent and adult offspring. The adverse associations in conventional analyses appear attributable to shared familial characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyag153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T11:13:13Z","timestamp":1786705993000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Peripubertal pregnancies and associations with health and developmental outcomes in offspring during late adolescence and adulthood: sibling-comparison register study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6736-8809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasudha","family":"Ahuja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, \u00d6rebro University , \u00d6rebro,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2088-0530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayako","family":"Hiyoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, \u00d6rebro University , \u00d6rebro,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University , Stockholm,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2691-7525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Backman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, \u00d6rebro University , \u00d6rebro,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0560-0761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macarthur Clinical School, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University , Campbelltown,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, \u00d6rebro University , \u00d6rebro,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6328-5494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, \u00d6rebro University , \u00d6rebro,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College of London , London,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092402422601900_dyag153-B1","volume-title":"Outcomes in Childhood and Adulthood by Mother\u2019s Age at Birth: Evidence from the 1970 British Cohort Study. 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