{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T18:39:47Z","timestamp":1792521587647,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Global Health at Northwestern University through the Northwestern Havey Institute for Global Health Global Innovation Challenge award","award":["1001E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1001E"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prediabetes (PreDM) and prehypertension (PreHTN) are important opportunities for prevention strategies to reduce the risk of diabetes and hypertension. However, population-level data remain scarce, especially in low-income settings. Using data from the 2022 Rwanda STEPwise survey, we describe the epidemiology of PreDM and PreHTN among adults aged 18\u201369\u2009years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PreDM and PreHTN status were defined according to the World Health Organization and Rwanda 2024 NCD management guidelines, respectively. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine independent factors of PreDM and PreHTN.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study included 61.4% (n\u2009=\u20093388) females and had a median (\u00b1 interquartile range) age of 39 (\u00b119) years. The overall prevalence of PreDM was 4.5% [95% confidence interval (CI): 3.7\u20135.3]; the prevalence of PreHTN was 22.1% (95% CI: 20.7\u201323.4). The prevalence of overt diabetes and hypertension was 3.0% (95% CI: 2.1\u20133.8) and 16.9% (95% CI: 15.7\u201318.1), respectively. Education (P\u2009=\u2009.011), residence (P\u2009=\u2009.003), central-waist obesity (P\u2009=\u2009.029), and cholesterol levels (P\u2009=\u2009.020) were significantly associated with PreDM. Residence (P\u2009=\u2009.036), wealth status (P\u2009=\u2009.023), alcohol consumption (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001), and fruit and vegetable intake (P\u2009=\u2009.039) were associated with PreHTN.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of PreHTN is relatively high, whereas that of PreDM is moderately low. The prevalence of PreHTN was roughly one and a third times that of hypertension and that for prediabetes was about one and a half times that of diabetes. These results provide a basis for early detection and intervention during this critical clinical stage to prevent future burdens of diabetes and hypertension in Rwanda. Rwanda can leverage its functional community health-worker network to enhance screenings and provide community-based basic lifestyle counselling for those at risk of PreDM and PreHTN.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyag218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T17:59:34Z","timestamp":1792519174000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prehypertension and prediabetes in Rwandan adults aged 18\u201369 years: insights from the 2022 STEPwise survey"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8144-0248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chester","family":"Kalinda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Global Health (SGH), University of Global Health Equity , Kigali,","place":["Rwanda"]},{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban,","place":["South 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