{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:41:19Z","timestamp":1792197679788,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian National Health and Medical Research Council","award":["GNT1163120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1163120"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/011kf5r70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Processed meat is classified as a carcinogen and unprocessed red meat a probable carcinogen, but their associations with stomach cancer are not established. We evaluated intakes of these food groups and poultry, seafood, and eggs in relation to stomach cancer risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individual-level data for 1\u00a0100\u00a0370 females and 891\u00a0919 males from 20 cohorts were analysed. Diet was assessed at baseline by using food-frequency questionnaires or diet histories generally covering the past year and harmonized across studies. We used Cox regression to estimate multivariable-adjusted study- and sex-specific hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations with each food group and combined study-specific estimates by using random-effects meta-analysis. We repeated analyses using an aggregated dataset combining all studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During follow-up (mean = 8\u201323\u2009years across studies), 8561 invasive gastric adenocarcinomas were diagnosed. Processed meat intake showed weak evidence of an overall association with stomach cancer risk (HR, 1.15 for \u226545 vs &amp;lt;3\u2009g\/day; 95% CI, 1.00\u20131.32 and HR, 1.03 per 25-g\/day increment; 95% CI, 0.99\u20131.07). This association was limited to current smokers (Pinteraction\u2009=\u2009.01) and differed by geographic region, with evidence for an association in Australian and European studies and no association observed in Asian studies (Pinteraction\u2009=\u2009.02). Positive associations with stomach cancer were observed for egg intake; no association was found for unprocessed red meat, poultry, or seafood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher processed meat intake was associated with a modestly increased risk of stomach cancer among current smokers, although residual confounding by smoking dose remains possible. Findings for eggs warrant further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyag224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T18:27:26Z","timestamp":1789756046000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Processed meat, unprocessed red meat, poultry, seafood, and egg intake and stomach cancer risk: a pooled analysis of 20 cohorts"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"School of Public Health, The University of Queensland , Herston, Queensland,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1951-8961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Molin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah K","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Prevention, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control , Tokyo,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Health and Social Welfare, Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia , Jakarta,","place":["Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center , Nashville, TN,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3662-5964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew T","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mridul","family":"Datta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University , Ames, IA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A Heather","family":"Eliassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6123-0219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward L","family":"Giovannucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian Z","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4440-3368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Yi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Rockville, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1276-2398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manami","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Prevention, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control , Tokyo,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rieko","family":"Kanehara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cohort Research, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control , Tokyo,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woon-Puay","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore,","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0118-0341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna C","family":"Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda M","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Rockville, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erikka","family":"Loftfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Rockville, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lo\u00efc Le","family":"Marchand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology, University of Hawaii Cancer Center , Honolulu, HI,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parit","family":"Mavani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjorie L","family":"McCullough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Science, American Cancer Society , Atlanta, GA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony B","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto , Toronto,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven C","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Rockville, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorelei A","family":"Mucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Discovery Sciences, American Cancer Society , Atlanta, GA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5924-6871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Prizment","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School , Minneapolis, MN,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center , Minneapolis, MN,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Robien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University , Washington, DC,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas E","family":"Rohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, NY,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Homa","family":"Sadeghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science & Health, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science , Los Angeles, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9936-1476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norie","family":"Sawada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cohort Research, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control , Tokyo,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marissa M","family":"Shams-White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Science, American Cancer Society , Atlanta, GA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Ou","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center , Nashville, TN,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias B","family":"Schulze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke , Nuthetal,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam , Nuthetal,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5201-172X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabina","family":"Sieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori , Milano,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2466-7462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rashmi","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Rockville, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2476-4251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guri","family":"Skeie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway , Troms\u00f8,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1324-0316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingyang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meir J","family":"Stampfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangbo","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5449-6230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline Y","family":"Um","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Science, American Cancer Society , Atlanta, GA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8781-8099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piet A","family":"van den Brandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University , Maastricht,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fenglei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8177-0829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, WA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1458-7597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter C","family":"Willett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7387-6845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicja","family":"Wolk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4620-3108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian-Min","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1226-070X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center , Nashville, TN,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Haydon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Alfred Hospital , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J","family":"MacInnis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1065-2198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M Constanza","family":"Camargo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Rockville, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer , Lyon Cedex,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham G","family":"Giles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5764-7268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roger L","family":"Milne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie A","family":"Smith-Warner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harindra","family":"Jayasekara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62038-9","article-title":"Global surveillance of cancer survival 1995-2009: analysis of individual data for 25\u2009676 \u2009887 patients from 279 population-based registries in 67 countries (CONCORD-2)","volume":"385","author":"Allemani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.07.045","article-title":"Burden of Gastric Cancer","volume":"18","author":"Thrift","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B4","author":"World Cancer Research Fund International\/American Institute for Cancer Research","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)00444-1","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of consumption of red and processed meat","volume":"16","author":"Bouvard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B6","volume-title":"Red Meat and Processed Meat","author":"IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B7","author":"Carneiro","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab235","article-title":"Unrestrained eating behavior and risk of digestive system cancers: a prospective cohort study","volume":"114","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh010","article-title":"VITamins and Lifestyle cohort study: study design and characteristics of supplement users","volume":"159","author":"White","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi322","article-title":"The Shanghai Women\u2019s health study: rationale, study design, and baseline characteristics","volume":"162","author":"Zheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117743","article-title":"Retinol, antioxidant vitamins, and cancers of the upper digestive tract in a prospective cohort study of postmenopausal women","volume":"142","author":"Zheng","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.415","article-title":"Meat consumption and risk of esophageal and gastric cancer in a large prospective study","volume":"106","author":"Cross","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdr615","article-title":"Red and processed meat consumption and the risk of esophageal and gastric cancer subtypes in The Netherlands Cohort Study","volume":"23","author":"Keszei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2015.276","article-title":"Coffee, tea, caffeine intake, and the risk of cancer in the PLCO cohort","volume":"113","author":"Hashibe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2017.7","article-title":"Composite protective lifestyle factors and risk of developing gastric adenocarcinoma: the Singapore Chinese Health Study","volume":"116","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-011-9854-0","article-title":"The association of cigarette smoking with gastric cancer: the multiethnic cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Nomura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.1509.13.9","article-title":"Red meat, chicken, and fish consumption and risk of colorectal cancer","volume":"13","author":"English","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-06-0402","article-title":"Fruit and vegetable consumption and incidence of gastric cancer: a prospective study","volume":"15","author":"Larsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B19","first-page":"1201","article-title":"A prospective study of diet and stomach cancer mortality in United States men and women","volume":"10","author":"McCullough","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29705","article-title":"Prediction of the 10-year probability of gastric cancer occurrence in the Japanese population: the JPHC study cohort II","volume":"138","author":"Charvat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31396","article-title":"Garlic intake and gastric cancer risk: Results from two large prospective US cohort studies","volume":"143","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21925","article-title":"Processed meat consumption, dietary nitrosamines and stomach cancer risk in a cohort of Swedish women","volume":"119","author":"Larsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv013","article-title":"Cohort profile: the Shanghai Men\u2019s health study","volume":"44","author":"Shu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djj071","article-title":"Meat intake and risk of stomach and esophageal adenocarcinoma within the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)","volume":"98","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/83.5.336","article-title":"A cohort study of fat intake and risk of breast cancer","volume":"83","author":"Howe","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2023.2186258","article-title":"Supplemental B-Vitamins and risk of upper gastrointestinal cancers in the Women\u2019s health initiative","volume":"75","author":"Brasky","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab367","article-title":"Meat consumption and gastric cancer risk: the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study","volume":"115","author":"Wilunda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj127","article-title":"Methods for pooling results of epidemiologic studies: the pooling project of prospective studies of diet and cancer","volume":"163","author":"Smith-Warner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-18-0182","article-title":"The national cancer institute cohort consortium: an international pooling collaboration of 58 cohorts from 20 countries","volume":"27","author":"Swerdlow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2002394","article-title":"European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and nutrition (EPIC): study populations and data collection","volume":"5","author":"Riboli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/36.5.931","article-title":"Evaluation of a self-administered dietary questionnaire for use in a cohort study","volume":"36","author":"Jain","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.7.1800","article-title":"The validity of questionnaire-based micronutrient intake estimates is increased by including dietary supplement use in Swedish men","volume":"134","author":"Messerer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200007000-00017","article-title":"Validation of the American Cancer Society Cancer prevention study II nutrition survey cohort food frequency questionnaire","volume":"11","author":"Flagg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/70.4.439","article-title":"Validation of a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire administered in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Study: comparison of energy, protein, and macronutrient intakes estimated with the doubly labeled water, urinary nitrogen, and repeated 24-h dietary recall methods","volume":"70","author":"Kroke","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116211","article-title":"Reproducibility and validity of an expanded self-administered semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire among male health professionals","volume":"135","author":"Rimm","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116485","article-title":"Dietary assessment of older Iowa women with a food frequency questionnaire: nutrient intake, reproducibility, and comparison with 24-hour dietary recall interviews","volume":"136","author":"Munger","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980016000690","article-title":"Validity and calibration of the FFQ used in the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study","volume":"19","author":"Bassett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010214","article-title":"Calibration of the dietary questionnaire for a multiethnic cohort in Hawaii and Los Angeles","volume":"151","author":"Stram","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114086","article-title":"Reproducibility and validity of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire","volume":"122","author":"Willett","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980007000419","article-title":"Performance of a food-frequency questionnaire in the US NIH-AARP (National Institutes of Health-American Association of Retired Persons) diet and health study","volume":"11","author":"Thompson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B41","first-page":"253","article-title":"Validation of a dietary questionnaire used in a large-scale prospective cohort study on diet and cancer","volume":"48","author":"Goldbohm","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq148","article-title":"Diet, supplement use, and prostate cancer risk: results from the prostate cancer prevention trial","volume":"172","author":"Kristal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327914nc392_5","article-title":"Singapore Chinese Health Study: development, validation, and calibration of the quantitative food frequency questionnaire","volume":"39","author":"Hankin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.6.1541","article-title":"Reproducibility and validity of major dietary patterns among Swedish women assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire","volume":"134","author":"Khani","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507669189","article-title":"Validity and reproducibility of the food-frequency questionnaire used in the Shanghai Men\u2019s Health Study","volume":"97","author":"Villegas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601738","article-title":"Validity and reproducibility of the food frequency questionnaire used in the Shanghai Women\u2019s Health Study","volume":"58","author":"Shu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/s1047-2797(98)00055-6","article-title":"Measurement characteristics of the Women\u2019s Health Initiative food frequency questionnaire","volume":"9","author":"Patterson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2490","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.101970","article-title":"The American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort: rationale, study design, and baseline characteristics","volume":"94","author":"Calle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.2174\/157488711003150928130654","article-title":"PLCO: Evolution of an epidemiologic resource and opportunities for future studies","volume":"10","author":"Black","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Recent Clin Trials"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B50","author":"Puckett","year":"1986"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B51","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/73.1.1","article-title":"A case-cohort design for epidemiologic cohort studies and disease prevention trials","volume":"73","author":"Prentice","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009034","article-title":"Time-to-event analysis of longitudinal follow-up of a survey: choice of the time-scale","volume":"145","author":"Korn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","article-title":"Meta-analysis in clinical trials","volume":"7","author":"DerSimonian","year":"1986","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.2307\/2532893","article-title":"Meta-analysis of published data using a linear mixed-effects model","volume":"52","author":"Stram","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B57","first-page":"2758","article-title":"A study of tobacco carcinogenesis: effect of the fat content of the diet on the carcinogenic activity of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone in F344 rats","volume":"53","author":"Hoffmann","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2004.tb03205.x","article-title":"Heterocyclic amines: Mutagens\/carcinogens produced during cooking of meat and fish","volume":"95","author":"Sugimura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"issue":"507","key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/s0027-5107(02)00166-5","article-title":"An epidemiologic approach to studying heterocyclic amines","volume":"506","author":"Sinha","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/em.20030","article-title":"Meat-related mutagens\/carcinogens in the etiology of colorectal cancer","volume":"44","author":"Cross","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Mol Mutagen"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00747-0","article-title":"Global burden of gastric cancer: epidemiological trends, risk factors, screening and prevention","volume":"20","author":"Thrift","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-023-11218-1","article-title":"Association of meat consumption with the risk of gastrointestinal cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Di","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-021-00741-9","article-title":"Consumption of red meat and processed meat and cancer incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"36","author":"Farvid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/15.7.1429","article-title":"Dose-dependent promoting effects of sodium chloride (NaCl) on rat glandular stomach carcinogenesis initiated with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine","volume":"15","author":"Takahashi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204260","article-title":"Effect of dietary salt intake on risk of gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2023.103032","article-title":"A comprehensive overview on the preservation techniques and packaging of processed meat products: emphasis on natural derivatives","volume":"36","author":"Arokiyaraj","year":"2024","journal-title":"J King Saud Univ Sci"},{"key":"2026101620030473700_dyag224-B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32707","article-title":"Meat intake and risk of gastric cancer in the Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) project","volume":"147","author":"Ferro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article-pdf\/55\/6\/dyag224\/72052563\/dyag224.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article-pdf\/55\/6\/dyag224\/72052563\/dyag224.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:03:13Z","timestamp":1792195393000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ije\/dyag224\/8931821"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyag224","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-5771","1464-3685"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-5771","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-3685","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"article-number":"dyag224"}}