{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:35:09Z","timestamp":1791293709917,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyl302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,26]],"date-time":"2007-01-26T01:53:15Z","timestamp":1169776395000},"page":"248-257","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Did clean water reduce black\u2013white mortality inequalities in the United States? Water, Race, And Disease."],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Sam","family":"Harper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1017\/CHOL9780521553070.005","article-title":"The population of the United States, 1790\u20131920","volume-title":"The Cambridge Economic History of the United States Volume II: The Long Nineteenth Century","author":"Haines","year":"2000"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.2307\/2060565","article-title":"New estimates of vital rates of United States black population during nineteenth-century","volume":"11","author":"Eblen","year":"1974","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.24.2.459","article-title":"What if we were equal? A comparison of the black-white mortality gap in 1960 and 2000","volume":"24","author":"Satcher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.85.7.957","article-title":"Infant mortality in the United States: trends, differentials, and projections, 1950 through 2010","volume":"85","author":"Singh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.24.2.325","article-title":"Social sources of racial disparities in health","volume":"24","author":"Williams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1017\/S1742058X04042031","article-title":"To denigrate, ignore, or disrupt: racial inequality in health and the impact of a policy-induced breakdown of African American communities","volume":"1","author":"Geronimus","year":"2004","journal-title":"Du Bois Rev"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3549(04)50075-4","article-title":"Black-white inequalities in mortality and life expectancy, 1933\u20131999: implications for healthy people 2010","volume":"116","author":"Levine","year":"2001","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B8","article-title":"The minority health crisis","volume-title":"Miami Herald","author":"Dorschner","year":"2004"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B9","first-page":"67","article-title":"Race and health: trends and policy implications","volume-title":"Income, socioeconomic status, and health: exploring the relationships","author":"Williams","year":"2001"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.4054\/DemRes.2004.S2.10","article-title":"Cause-specific contributions to black-white differences in male mortality from 1960 to 1995","volume":"S2","author":"Elo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Demographic Res"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.84.6.938","article-title":"Why did black life expectancy decline from 1984 through 1989 in the United States?","volume":"84","author":"Kochanek","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/7170.001.0001","volume-title":"Water, Race, and Disease","author":"Troesken","year":"2004"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B13","volume-title":"An American Dilemma, The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy","author":"Myrdal","year":"1944"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195083316.003.0003","article-title":"Discrimination and health","volume-title":"Social Epidemiology","author":"Krieger","year":"2000"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.5.725","article-title":"The McKeown Thesis: a historical controversy and its enduring influence","volume":"92","author":"Colgrove","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.5.722","article-title":"Rethinking McKeown: the relationship between public health and social change","volume":"92","author":"Szreter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/7.4.489","article-title":"On the Mills-Reincke phenomenon and Hazen's theorem concerning the decrease in mortality from diseases other than typhoid fever following the purification of public water-supplies","volume":"7","author":"Sedgwick","year":"1910","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B18","volume-title":"The Modern Rise of Population","author":"McKeown","year":"1976"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/shm\/1.1.1","article-title":"The importance of social intervention in Britain's mortality decline c.1850\u20131914: a re-interpretation of the role of public health","volume":"1","author":"Szreter","year":"1988","journal-title":"Soc History Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B20","first-page":"113","article-title":"The effects of water supply on infant and childhood mortality: a review of historical evidence","volume":"7","author":"van Poppel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Health Transit Rev"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B21","volume-title":"American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass","author":"Massey","year":"1993"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B22","volume-title":"Sickness and Health in America: Readings in the History of Medicine and Public Health","author":"Leavitt","year":"1997","edition":"3rd edn"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B23","volume-title":"An American Health Dilemma","author":"Byrd","year":"2000"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.2307\/3349953","article-title":"History of black mortality and health before 1940","volume":"65","author":"Ewbank","year":"1987","journal-title":"Milbank Q"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/01615440309604818","article-title":"Ethnic differences in demographic behavior in the United States - has there been convergence?","volume":"36","author":"Haines","year":"2003","journal-title":"Historical Methods"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B26","first-page":"97","volume-title":"US Vital Statistics System: Major Activities and Developments, 1950\u201395","author":"Hetzel","year":"1997"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400861897","volume-title":"Fatal Years: Child Mortality in Late Nineteenth-Century America","author":"Preston","year":"1991"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/01615449709601177","article-title":"The use of the census to estimate childhood mortality - comparisons from the 1900 and 1910 United States census public use samples","volume":"30","author":"Haines","year":"1997","journal-title":"Historical Methods"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B29","volume-title":"Mortality Rates 1910\u20131920 With Population of the Federal Censuses of 1910 and 1920 and Intercensal Estimates of Population","author":"U.S. Bureau of the Census","year":"1923"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4983(73)90008-9","article-title":"Mortality in rural America, 1870\u20131920: estimates and conjectures","volume":"10","author":"Higgs","year":"1973","journal-title":"Explorations Econ History"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B31","first-page":"1168","article-title":"Components of a difference between two rates","volume":"50","author":"Kitagawa","year":"1955","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B32","volume-title":"Death Rates by Age, Race, and Sex, United States, 1900\u20131953","author":"U.S. Department of Health Education and Welfare, National Office of Vital Statistics","year":"1956"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B33","first-page":"116","article-title":"Personal health behaviour and the decline in infant and child mortality in the United States, 1900\u20131930","volume-title":"What We Know About the Health Transition: The Cultural, Social, Behavioural Determinants of Health","author":"Ewbank","year":"1990"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B34","first-page":"171","article-title":"Child mortality differences, personal health care practices, and medical technology: The United States, 1900\u20131930","volume-title":"Health and Social Change in International Perspective","author":"Condran","year":"1993"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3406\/adh.1988.1686","article-title":"Declining mortality in the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries","author":"Condran","year":"1987","journal-title":"Annales de D\u00e9mographie Historique"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B36","first-page":"113","article-title":"The effects of water supply on infant and childhood mortality: a review of historical evidence","volume":"7","author":"van Poppel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Health Transit Rev"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1017\/S014555320001498X","article-title":"Mortality variation in U.S. cities in 1900: a two-level explanation by cause of death and underlying factors","volume":"7","author":"Crimmins","year":"1983","journal-title":"Soc Sci Hist"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.2307\/2061131","article-title":"Mortality trends in Philadelphia: age- and cause-specific death rates 1870\u20131930","volume":"19","author":"Condran","year":"1982","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2307\/2965108","article-title":"A comparison of the relative healthfulness of certain cities in the United States based upon the study of their vital statistics","volume":"15","author":"Harmon","year":"1916","journal-title":"Quarterly Publications of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2307\/2648096","article-title":"Understanding the twentieth-century decline in chronic conditions among older men","volume":"37","author":"Costa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4076(02)00159-8","article-title":"Understanding mid-life and older age mortality declines: evidence from Union Army veterans","volume":"112","author":"Costa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Econometrics"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B42","article-title":"Pre-adult influences on cardiovascular disease","volume-title":"A Life Course Appraoch to Chronic Disease Epidemiology","author":"Lawlor","year":"2004","edition":"2nd edn"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7230.273","article-title":"Risk of cardiovascular disease measured by carotid intima-media thickness at age 49\u201351: lifecourse study","volume":"320","author":"Lamont","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3386\/w12111","volume-title":"Deprivation and Disease in Early Twentieth-Century America","author":"Clay","year":"2006"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2005.0002","article-title":"The role of public health improvements in health advances: The twentieth-century United States","volume":"42","author":"Cutler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Demography"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3917\/adh.108.0105","article-title":"Sewage disposal and typhoid fever: the case of Tokyo 1912\u20131940","author":"Nagashima","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annales de D\u00e9mographie Historique"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B47","article-title":"State mortality data, 1900\u201336","volume-title":"National Bureau of Economic Research","author":"Miller","year":"2006"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170712080653_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/000271624523700114","article-title":"Trends in longevity","volume":"237","author":"Dublin","year":"1945","journal-title":"Ann Am Acad Pol Soc Sci"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article-pdf\/36\/1\/248\/18481272\/dyl302.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]],"date-time":"2024-02-10T13:21:06Z","timestamp":1707571266000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1093\/ije\/dyl302"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,25]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyl302","relation":{},"ISSN":["1464-3685","0300-5771"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1464-3685","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0300-5771","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,25]]}}}