{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T21:12:50Z","timestamp":1792271570930,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]],"date-time":"2019-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The analysis of causes impacting on premature mortality is an essential function of public health surveillance. Diverse methods have been used for accurately assessing and reporting the level and trends of premature mortality; however, many have important limitations, particularly in capturing actual early deaths. We argue that the framework of years of life lost (YLL), as conceptualized in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), is a robust and comprehensive measure of premature mortality. Global Burden of Disease study is systematically providing estimates of YLL; however, it is not widely adopted at country level, among other reasons because its conceptual and methodological bases seem to be not sufficiently known and understood. In this paper, we provide the concepts and the methodology of the YLL framework, including the selection of the loss of function that defines the time lost due to premature deaths, and detailed methods for calculating YLL metrics. We also illustrate how to use YLL to quantify the level and trends of premature non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality in the Americas. The tutorial style of the illustrative example is intended to educate the public health community and stimulate the use of YLL in disease prevention and control programmes at different levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T07:13:53Z","timestamp":1543821233000},"page":"1367-1376","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":161,"title":["Reflection on modern methods: years of life lost due to premature mortality\u2014a versatile and comprehensive measure for monitoring non-communicable disease mortality"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Ramon","family":"Martinez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Non-Communicable Diseases and Mental Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Soliz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evidence and Intelligence for Action in Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Caixeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Non-Communicable Diseases and Mental Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Ordunez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Non-Communicable Diseases and Mental Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019081413351493700_dyy254-B1","volume-title":"Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases 2013\u20132020","year":"2013"},{"key":"2019081413351493700_dyy254-B2","volume-title":"Global Monitoring Framework for the Prevention and Control of NCDs","year":"2012"},{"key":"2019081413351493700_dyy254-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199007000-00012","article-title":"Years of potential life lost (YPLL)\u2014what does it measure?","volume":"1","author":"Gardner","year":"1990","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2019081413351493700_dyy254-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32930","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032930","article-title":"Geographic and racial variation in premature mortality in the U.S.: analyzing the disparities","volume":"7","author":"Cullen","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2019081413351493700_dyy254-B5","volume-title":"Non-communicable Diseases Global Monitoring Framework. Indicator Definitions and Specifications","year":"2014"},{"key":"2019081413351493700_dyy254-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61899-6","article-title":"GBD 2010: design, definitions, and metrics","volume":"380","author":"Murray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2019081413351493700_dyy254-B7","first-page":"429","article-title":"Quantifying the burden of disease: the technical basis for disability-adjusted life years","volume":"72","author":"Murray","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2019081413351493700_dyy254-B8","volume-title":"Regional Model Life Tables and Stable Populations","author":"Coale","year":"1983"},{"key":"2019081413351493700_dyy254-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.2307\/3644567","article-title":"Revised regional model life tables at very low levels of mortality","volume":"55","author":"Coale","year":"1989","journal-title":"Popul Index"},{"key":"2019081413351493700_dyy254-B10","volume-title":"Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015) Reference Life Table","year":"2016"},{"key":"2019081413351493700_dyy254-B11","volume-title":"World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision","year":"2013"},{"key":"2019081413351493700_dyy254-B12","volume-title":"Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions","author":"Fleiss","year":"1973"},{"key":"2019081413351493700_dyy254-B13","volume-title":"Global Health Estimates 2015: Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex, by Country and by Region, 2000\u20132015","year":"2016"},{"key":"2019081413351493700_dyy254-B14","volume-title":"WHO Methods and Data Sources for Country\u2010Level Causes of Death 2000\u20102015"},{"key":"2019081413351493700_dyy254-B15","unstructured":"United Nations. World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision..\nNew York, NY: \nDepartment of Economics and Social Affairs, Population Division, United Nations, 2017. http:\/\/esa.un.org\/wpp\/ (20 February 2018, date last accessed)."},{"key":"2019081413351493700_dyy254-B16","volume-title":"Age Standardization of Rates: A New WHO Standard","author":"Ahmad","year":"2001"},{"key":"2019081413351493700_dyy254-B17","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute. Joinpoint Regression Program, Version 4.6.0.0. \u2014June 2017. https:\/\/surveillance.cancer.gov\/joinpoint\/ (5 March 2018, date last accessed)."},{"key":"2019081413351493700_dyy254-B18","unstructured":"United Nations. Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. 2015. https:\/\/sustainabledevelopment.un.org\/content\/documents\/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf (20 February 2018, date last accessed)."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article-pdf\/48\/4\/1367\/29162808\/dyy254.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,15]],"date-time":"2019-08-15T20:20:48Z","timestamp":1565900448000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article\/48\/4\/1367\/5281229"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyy254","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-5771","1464-3685"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-5771","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-3685","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]]}}}