{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:57:03Z","timestamp":1792094223198,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,28]],"date-time":"2019-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["102215\/2\/13\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["102215\/2\/13\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000883","name":"University of Bristol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000883","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is evidence that mental health problems are increasing and substance use behaviours are decreasing. This paper aimed to investigate recent trends in mental ill health and health-related behaviours in two cohorts of UK adolescents in 2005 and 2015.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prevalences in mental health (depressive symptoms, self-harm, anti-social behaviours, parent-reported difficulties) and health-related behaviours (substance use, weight, weight perception, sleep, sexual intercourse) were examined at age 14 in two UK birth cohorts; Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC, N\u2009=\u20095627, born 1991\u201392) and Millennium Cohort Study (MCS, N\u2009=\u200911\u00a0318, born 2000\u201302). Prevalences and trend estimates are presented unadjusted and using propensity score matching and entropy balancing to account for differences between samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Depressive symptoms (9% to 14.8%) and self-harm (11.8% to 14.4%) were higher in 2015 compared with 2005. Parent-reported emotional difficulties, conduct problems, hyperactivity and peer problems were higher in 2015 compared with 2005 (5.7\u20138.9% to 9.7\u201317.7%). Conversely, substance use (tried smoking, 9.2% to 2.9%; tried alcohol, 52.1% to 43.5%, cannabis, 4.6% to 3.9%), sexual activity (2% to 0.9%) and anti-social behaviours (6.2\u201340.1% to 1.6\u201327.7%) were less common or no different. Adolescents in 2015 were spending less time sleeping (&amp;lt;8\u2009h 5.7% to 11.5%), had higher body mass index (BMI) (obese, 3.8% to 7.3%) and a greater proportion perceived themselves as overweight (26.5% to 32.9%). The findings should be interpreted bearing in mind limitations in ability to adequately harmonize certain variables and account for differences in attrition rates and generalizability of the two cohorts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Given health-related behaviours are often cited as risk factors for poor mental health, our findings suggest relationships between these factors might be more complex and dynamic in nature than currently understood. Substantial increases in mental health difficulties, BMI and poor sleep-related behaviours highlight an increasing public health challenge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]],"date-time":"2019-01-21T07:07:48Z","timestamp":1548054468000},"page":"1650-1664","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":294,"title":["Changes in millennial adolescent mental health and health-related behaviours over 10 years: a population cohort comparison study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5341-3461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Praveetha","family":"Patalay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Longitudinal Studies and MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne H","family":"Gage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019121022375878500_dyz006-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00579-1","article-title":"Our future: a Lancet commission on adolescent health and wellbeing","volume":"387","author":"Patton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2019121022375878500_dyz006-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.160","article-title":"Prevalence, persistence, and sociodemographic correlates of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement","volume":"69","author":"Kessler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019121022375878500_dyz006-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a2981","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a2981","article-title":"Outcomes of conduct problems in adolescence: 40 year follow-up of national cohort","volume":"338","author":"Colman","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2019121022375878500_dyz006-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"62","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019121022375878500_dyz006-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.01.023","article-title":"Mental health difficulties in early adolescence: a comparison of\u00a0two\u00a0cross-sectional studies in England from 2009 to 2014","volume":"56","author":"Fink","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2019121022375878500_dyz006-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02252.x","article-title":"Trends in adolescent emotional problems in England: a comparison of two national cohorts twenty years apart","volume":"51","author":"Collishaw","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019121022375878500_dyz006-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.10.005","article-title":"Birth cohort increases in psychopathology among young Americans, 1938\u20132007: a cross-temporal meta-analysis of the MMPI","volume":"30","author":"Twenge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"2019121022375878500_dyz006-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2009.07.003","article-title":"Discrepant trends in mental health complaints among younger and older adolescents in Sweden: an analysis of WHO data 1985\u20132005","volume":"46","author":"Hagquist","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2019121022375878500_dyz006-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867414533834","article-title":"Are child and adolescent mental health problems increasing in the 21st century? A systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Bor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019121022375878500_dyz006-B10","volume-title":"Mental Ill-Health Among Children of the New Century: Trends Across Childhood With a Focus on Age 14","author":"Patalay","year":"2017"},{"key":"2019121022375878500_dyz006-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1878","article-title":"National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults","volume":"138","author":"Mojtabai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2019121022375878500_dyz006-B12","volume-title":"Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use Among Young People in England - 2014","author":"Agalioti-Sgompou","year":"2015"},{"key":"2019121022375878500_dyz006-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-014-0170-3","article-title":"Sleepless in Fairfax: the difference one more hour of sleep can make for teen hopelessness, suicidal ideation, and substance use","volume":"44","author":"Winsler","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"key":"2019121022375878500_dyz006-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579417001663","article-title":"Bidirectional associations between body dissatisfaction and depressive symptoms from adolescence through early adulthood","volume":"30","author":"Sharpe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"2019121022375878500_dyz006-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20160967","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-0967","article-title":"BMI development and early adolescent psychosocial well-being: UK Millennium Cohort Study","volume":"138","author":"Kelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2019121022375878500_dyz006-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018793","article-title":"Prospective reciprocal relations between physical activity and depression in female adolescents","volume":"78","author":"Jerstad","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"2019121022375878500_dyz006-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00437.x","article-title":"Exploring the association between cannabis use and depression","volume":"98","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2019121022375878500_dyz006-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1080\/0954026021000045949","article-title":"Nicotine, alcohol and drug dependence, and psychiatric comorbidity - results of a national household survey","volume":"15","author":"Farrell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019121022375878500_dyz006-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys064","article-title":"Cohort Profile: The \u2018Children of the 90s\u2019\u2014the index offspring of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children","volume":"42","author":"Boyd","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2019121022375878500_dyz006-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys066","article-title":"Cohort Profile: The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children: ALSPAC mothers cohort","volume":"42","author":"Fraser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2019121022375878500_dyz006-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu001","article-title":"Cohort Profile: UK Millennium Cohort Study (MCS)","volume":"43","author":"Connelly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2019121022375878500_dyz006-B22","volume-title":"Millennium Cohort Study Sixth Survey 2015\u20132016: User Guide","author":"Fitzsimons","year":"2017","edition":"1"},{"key":"2019121022375878500_dyz006-B23","volume-title":"Millennium Cohort Study, Sixth Survey 2015\u20132016: Technical Report on Response (Age 14).","author":"Mostafa","year":"2017"},{"key":"2019121022375878500_dyz006-B24","first-page":"237","article-title":"The development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents","volume":"5","author":"Angold","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"2019121022375878500_dyz006-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x","article-title":"The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: a research note","volume":"38","author":"Goodman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019121022375878500_dyz006-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1162\/003465302317331982","article-title":"Propensity score-matching methods for nonexperimental causal studies","volume":"84","author":"Dehejia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev Econ Stat"},{"key":"2019121022375878500_dyz006-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpr025","article-title":"Entropy balancing for causal effects: a multivariate reweighting method to produce balanced samples in observational studies","volume":"20","author":"Hainmueller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polit Anal"},{"key":"2019121022375878500_dyz006-B28","volume-title":"PSMATCH2: Stata module to perform full mahalanobis and propensity score matching, common support graphing, and covariate imbalance testing","author":"Leuven","year":"2003"},{"key":"2019121022375878500_dyz006-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v054.i07","article-title":"Ebalance: A Stata package for entropy balancing","volume":"54","author":"Hainmueller","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"2019121022375878500_dyz006-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6032","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1016970108","article-title":"The long shadow cast by childhood physical and mental problems on adult life","volume":"108","author":"Goodman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2019121022375878500_dyz006-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.5866","article-title":"Recommended amount of sleep for pediatric populations: a consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine","volume":"12","author":"Paruthi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"2019121022375878500_dyz006-B32","article-title":"The decline in adult activities among U.S. adolescents, 1976\u20132016","author":"Twenge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Dev"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article-pdf\/48\/5\/1650\/30802319\/dyz006.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article-pdf\/48\/5\/1650\/30802319\/dyz006.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,10]],"date-time":"2019-12-10T22:39:02Z","timestamp":1576017542000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article\/48\/5\/1650\/5366210"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyz006","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/407585","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0300-5771","1464-3685"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-5771","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-3685","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]]}}}