{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T12:11:03Z","timestamp":1782907863418,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]],"date-time":"2020-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000125","name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01OH009803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01OH009803"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart Lung and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01HL034594"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL034594"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K99CA207736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K99CA207736"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NHS"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1CA186107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1CA186107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1CA176726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1CA176726"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01 CA87969"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01 CA87969"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>With three out of four new bladder cancer (BCa) cases occurring in men, an apparent gender disparity exists. We aimed to investigate the role of hormonal and reproductive factors in BCa risk using two large female US prospective cohorts.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our study population comprised 118\u00a0256 and 115\u00a0383 female registered nurses who were recruited in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and NHS II, respectively. Reproductive and hormonal factors and other relevant data were recorded in biennial self-administered questionnaires. Cox-regression analyses were performed to estimate age- and multivariable-adjusted incidence risk ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Inverse-variance-weighted meta-analysis was used to pool estimates across cohorts.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>During up to 36\u2009years of follow-up, 629 incident BCa cases were confirmed. In the NHS, 22\u00a0566 women (21.3%) were postmenopausal at baseline, compared with 2723 women (2.4%) in the NHS II. Among women in the NHS, younger age at menopause (\u226445\u2009years) was associated with an increased risk of BCa (IRR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.11\u20131.81, Ptrend\u2009=\u20090.01) compared with those with menopause onset at age 50+\u2009years, particularly among ever-smokers (IRR for age at menopause \u226445\u2009years: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.15\u20132.04; PIntx\u2009=\u20090.16). Age at menarche and first birth, parity, oral-contraceptive use and postmenopausal hormone use were not associated with BCa risk.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Overall, we found little support for an association between female reproductive factors and BCa risk in these prospective cohort studies. Earlier age at menopause was associated with a higher risk of BCa, particularly among smokers, indicating the potential for residual confounding.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]],"date-time":"2019-12-02T20:34:09Z","timestamp":1575318849000},"page":"599-607","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The impact of hormones and reproductive factors on the risk of bladder cancer in women: results from the Nurses\u2019 Health Study and Nurses\u2019 Health Study II"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6603-6319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Abufaraj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Special Surgery, Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahrokh","family":"Shariat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Moschini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Rohrer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyriaki","family":"Papantoniou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Devore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"McGrath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuehong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Markt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Schernhammer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020060215103879800_dyz264-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.06.010","article-title":"Bladder cancer incidence and mortality: a global overview and recent trends","volume":"71","author":"Antoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2020060215103879800_dyz264-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.02.056","article-title":"Gene expression profile of the clinically aggressive micropapillary variant of bladder cancer","volume":"70","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2020060215103879800_dyz264-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E359","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29210","article-title":"Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012","volume":"136","author":"Ferlay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2020060215103879800_dyz264-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-011-0709-9","article-title":"Impact of gender on bladder cancer incidence, staging, and prognosis","volume":"29","author":"Fajkovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"2020060215103879800_dyz264-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2014.03.003","article-title":"Gender-specific outcomes of bladder cancer patients: a stage-specific analysis in a contemporary, homogenous radical cystectomy cohort","volume":"41","author":"Soave","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2020060215103879800_dyz264-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2015.3209","article-title":"Contemporary occupational carcinogen exposure and bladder cancer","volume":"1","author":"Cumberbatch","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"2020060215103879800_dyz264-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2015.257","article-title":"Gender differences in incidence and outcomes of urothelial and kidney cancer","volume":"12","author":"Lucca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"2020060215103879800_dyz264-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.08.037","article-title":"Gender and bladder cancer: a collaborative review of etiology, biology, and outcomes","volume":"69","author":"Dobruch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2020060215103879800_dyz264-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/10590501.2013.844755","article-title":"Understanding the gender disparity in bladder cancer risk: the impact of sex hormones and liver on bladder susceptibility to carcinogens","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev"},{"key":"2020060215103879800_dyz264-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2013.53","article-title":"Role of oestrogen receptors in bladder cancer development","volume":"10","author":"Hsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"2020060215103879800_dyz264-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0174746","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174746","article-title":"Histopathological and prognostic significance of the expression of sex hormone receptors in bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of immunohistochemical studies","volume":"12","author":"Ide","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020060215103879800_dyz264-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj028","article-title":"Hormonal and reproductive factors and the risk of bladder cancer in women","volume":"163","author":"McGrath","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020060215103879800_dyz264-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28022","article-title":"Reproductive factors and menopausal hormone therapy and bladder cancer risk in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study","volume":"133","author":"Daugherty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2020060215103879800_dyz264-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22175","article-title":"Reproductive factors, exogenous hormone use and bladder cancer risk in a prospective study","volume":"119","author":"Cantwell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2020060215103879800_dyz264-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22418","article-title":"Reproductive risk factors for incident bladder cancer: Iowa Women\u2019s Health Study","volume":"120","author":"Prizment","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2020060215103879800_dyz264-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303338","article-title":"Origin, methods, and evolution of the three nurses\u2019 health studies","volume":"106","author":"Bao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2020060215103879800_dyz264-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113804","article-title":"Test of the national death index","volume":"119","author":"Stampfer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020060215103879800_dyz264-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113598","article-title":"Cigarette smoking, relative weight, and menopause","volume":"117","author":"Willett","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020060215103879800_dyz264-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/126.2.319","article-title":"Reproducibility and validity of self-reported menopausal status in a prospective cohort study","volume":"126","author":"Colditz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020060215103879800_dyz264-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g6356","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g6356","article-title":"Oral contraceptive use and mortality after 36 years of follow-up in the Nurses\u2019 Health Study: prospective cohort study","volume":"349","author":"Charlton","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2020060215103879800_dyz264-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-009-9384-1","article-title":"Bladder cancer and reproductive factors among women in Spain","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"2020060215103879800_dyz264-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2013.01.005","article-title":"Childbearing and the risk of bladder cancer: a nationwide population-based cohort study","volume":"63","author":"Weibull","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2020060215103879800_dyz264-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2009.09076.x","article-title":"The effect of age and gender on bladder cancer: a critical review of the literature","volume":"105","author":"Shariat","year":"2010","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"2020060215103879800_dyz264-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.09.001","article-title":"Epidemiology of bladder cancer: a systematic review and contemporary update of risk factors in 2018","volume":"74","author":"Cumberbatch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2020060215103879800_dyz264-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.04.101","article-title":"Gender disparities in hematuria evaluation and bladder cancer diagnosis: a population based analysis","volume":"192","author":"Garg","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2020060215103879800_dyz264-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2012.11661.x","article-title":"Do differences in clinical symptoms and referral patterns contribute to the gender gap in bladder cancer?","volume":"112","author":"Henning","year":"2013","journal-title":"BJU Int"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article-pdf\/49\/2\/599\/33338145\/dyz264.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article-pdf\/49\/2\/599\/33338145\/dyz264.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]],"date-time":"2020-06-02T19:13:58Z","timestamp":1591125238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article\/49\/2\/599\/5713010"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyz264","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-5771","1464-3685"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-5771","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-3685","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]]}}}