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However, the mechanisms of its effect are unknown. Oxidative stress is thought to be involved in the underpinnings of BD. Our study is the first, to our knowledge, to report the association between notable oxidative stress parameters (superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GSH-Px], catalase [CAT], and malondialdehyde [MDA]) levels and ECT response in trBD patients.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total 28 trBD patients and 49 controls were recruited. Six-week ECT and naturalistic follow-up were conducted. SOD, GSH-Px, CAT, and MDA levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Young Mania Rating Scale were administered at baseline and the end of the 6th week. MANCOVA, ANCOVA, 2\u2009\u00d7\u20092 ANCOVA, and a multiple regression model were conducted.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>SOD levels were lower in both trBD mania and depression (P\u2009=\u2009.001; P\u2009=\u2009.001), while GSH-Px (P\u2009=\u2009.01; P\u2009=\u2009.001) and MDA (P\u2009=\u2009.001; P\u2009=\u2009.001) were higher in both trBD mania and depression compared with controls. CAT levels were positively associated with 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores in trBD depression (radjusted \u2009=\u20090.83, P\u2009=\u2009.005). MDA levels in trBD decreased after 6 weeks of ECT (P\u2009=\u2009.001). Interestingly, MDA levels decreased in responders (P\u2009=\u2009.001) but not in nonresponders (P\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009.05).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our study indicates that decreased SOD could be a trait rather than a state in trBD. Oxidative stress levels are associated with illness severity and ECT response. This suggests that the mechanism of oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of trBD.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyaa003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]],"date-time":"2020-01-16T20:09:59Z","timestamp":1579205399000},"page":"207-216","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Disturbance of Oxidative Stress Parameters in Treatment-Resistant Bipolar Disorder and Their Association With Electroconvulsive Therapy Response"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Qinyu","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiongyue","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao, 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