{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T22:45:36Z","timestamp":1772664336643,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Health Authority of Regione Lombardia","award":["E42I14000280002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E42I14000280002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This prospective cohort study aimed at evaluating patterns of polypharmacy and aggressive and violent behavior during a 1-year follow-up in patients with severe mental disorders.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 340 patients (125 inpatients from residential facilities and 215 outpatients) were evaluated at baseline with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I and II, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Specific Levels of Functioning scale, Brown-Goodwin Lifetime History of Aggression, Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2. Aggressive behavior was rated every 15 days with the Modified Overt Aggression Scale and treatment compliance with the Medication Adherence Rating Scale.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The whole sample was prescribed mainly antipsychotics with high levels of polypharmacy. Clozapine prescription and higher compliance were associated with lower levels of aggressive and violent behavior. Patients with a history of violence who took clozapine were prescribed the highest number of drugs. The patterns of cumulative Modified Overt Aggression Scale mean scores of patients taking clozapine (n\u2009=\u200946), other antipsychotics (n\u2009=\u2009257), and no antipsychotics (n\u2009=\u200937) were significantly different (P\u2009=\u2009.001). Patients taking clozapine showed a time trend at 1-year follow-up (24 evaluations) indicating a significantly lower level of aggressive behavior. Patient higher compliance was also associated with lower Modified Overt Aggression Scale ratings during the 1-year follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Both inpatients and outpatients showed high levels of polypharmacy. Clozapine prescription was associated with lower Modified Overt Aggression Scale ratings compared with any other antipsychotics or other psychotropic drugs. Higher compliance was associated with lower levels of aggressive and violent behavior.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyaa005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,24]],"date-time":"2020-01-24T04:49:08Z","timestamp":1579841348000},"page":"300-310","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Prescribing Patterns of Psychotropic Drugs and Risk of Violent Behavior: A Prospective, Multicenter Study in Italy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5433-1268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E","family":"di Giacomo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Asst Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Stefana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V","family":"Candini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Bianconi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, ASST Ovest Milanese, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Canal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Trento"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Clerici","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Asst Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Conte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M T","family":"Ferla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Asst-Rhodense G.Salvini di Garbagnate, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Iozzino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Sbravati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Tura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Micciolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Trento"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"de Girolamo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"VIORMED-2 Group","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mattia","family":"Bava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Asst Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Carr\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Gamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Asst Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Assunta","family":"Martinazzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuliana","family":"Mina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Ornaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Asst Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Travasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Vita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20170","article-title":"Insight into illness and adherence to psychotropic medications are separately associated with violence severity in a forensic sample","volume":"33","author":"Alia-Klein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aggress Behav"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2005.07.006","article-title":"Randomised clinical trial comparing oral versus depot formulations of zuclopenthixol in patients with schizophrenia and previous violence","volume":"21","author":"Arango","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n0715","article-title":"A prospective study of risk factors for nonadherence with antipsychotic medication in the treatment of schizophrenia","volume":"67","author":"Ascher-Svanum","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-011-0308-0","article-title":"Association of antipsychotic polypharmacy with health service cost: a register-based cost analysis","volume":"13","author":"Baandrup","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Health Econ"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn030","article-title":"Does the addition of a second antipsychotic drug improve clozapine treatment?","volume":"35","author":"Barbui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.2165\/11587810-000000000-00000","article-title":"Antipsychotic polypharmacy in schizophrenia: benefits and risks","volume":"25","author":"Barnes","year":"2011","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1965.16.2.547","article-title":"Factor analysis of some psychometric measures of impulsiveness and anxiety","volume":"16","author":"Barratt","year":"1965","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0214924.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214924","article-title":"Violence risk and mental disorders (VIORMED-2): A prospective multicenter study in Italy","volume":"14","author":"Barlati","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2005.01.009","article-title":"Effectiveness of clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and haloperidol monotherapy in reducing hostile and aggressive behavior in outpatients treated for schizophrenia: a prospective naturalistic study (IC-SOHO)","volume":"20","author":"Bitter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(79)90053-2","article-title":"Aggression in humans correlates with cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites","volume":"1","author":"Brown","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046900","article-title":"An inventory for assessing different kinds of hostility","volume":"21","author":"Buss","year":"1957","journal-title":"J Consult Psychol"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2015.05.038","article-title":"The risks and benefits of switching patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder from two to one antipsychotic medication: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"166","author":"Constantine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn018","article-title":"Antipsychotic combinations vs monotherapy in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"35","author":"Correll","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0056","volume-title":"Technical report on psychiatric polypharmacy","author":"Council","year":"2001"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.07.001","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale - Expanded (BPRS-E) structure and arguments for a new version","volume":"81","author":"Dazzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.05.010","article-title":"Monitoring and predicting the risk of violence in residential facilities. No difference between patients with history or with no history of violence","volume":"80","author":"de Girolamo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2017_13","article-title":"Oxytocin and aggression","volume":"35","author":"de Jong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Top Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.156","article-title":"Metabolic and cardiovascular adverse effects associated with antipsychotic drugs","volume":"8","author":"De Hert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.10.987","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of clozapine compared with conventional antipsychotic medication for patients in state hospitals","volume":"57","author":"Essock","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1080\/15622970510030090","article-title":"World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia, Part 1: acute treatment of schizophrenia","volume":"6","author":"Falkai","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.10.029","article-title":"A large-scale validation study of the Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS)","volume":"100","author":"Fialko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1159\/000065121","article-title":"The DSM series and experience with DSM-IV","volume":"35","author":"First","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0018","volume-title":"Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis II personality disorders, (SCID-II)","author":"First","year":"1997"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145712000399","article-title":"Critical review of antipsychotic polypharmacy in the treatment of schizophrenia","volume":"17","author":"Fleischhacker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1017\/S146114571100201X","article-title":"A systematic review of the evidence of clozapine\u2019s anti-aggressive effects","volume":"15","author":"Frogley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-133X(95)00110-Y","article-title":"The influence of fluoxetine on aggressive behavior","volume":"14","author":"Fuller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20387","article-title":"Antipsychotic augmentation vs. monotherapy in schizophrenia: systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis","volume":"16","author":"Galling","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.03.018","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of antipsychotic polypharmacy: a systematic review and meta-regression of global and regional trends from the 1970s to 2009","volume":"138","author":"Gallego","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2002.40104.x","article-title":"Oxcarbazepine treatment of refractory bipolar disorder: a retrospective chart review","volume":"4","author":"Ghaemi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2009.04.003","article-title":"Advantages and disadvantages of combination treatment with antipsychotics ECNP Consensus Meeting, March 2008, Nice","volume":"19","author":"Goodwin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201500359","article-title":"A prescription for \u201cDeprescribing\u201d in psychiatry","volume":"67","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762127","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/762127","article-title":"Efficacy and clinical determinants of antipsychotic polypharmacy in psychotic patients experiencing an acute relapse and admitted to hospital stay: results from a cross-sectional and a subsequent longitudinal pilot study","volume":"2014","author":"Iasevoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISRN Pharmacol"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0128536","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128536","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of violence by psychiatric acute inpatients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Iozzino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.12.032","article-title":"Attitudes towards and rationale for antipsychotic polypharmacy among psychiatrists in Nigeria: characteristics associated with high reported antipsychotic polypharmacy","volume":"248","author":"James","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102174","article-title":"Unresolved Issues for Utilization of Atypical Antipsychotics in Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Polypharmacy and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Jeon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.52.8.1033","article-title":"Psychopharmacology: rational and irrational polypharmacy","volume":"52","author":"Kingsbury","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.6.622","article-title":"Atypical antipsychotic agents in the treatment of violent patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder","volume":"63","author":"Krakowski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3181855cd6","article-title":"Atypical antipsychotics, neurocognitive deficits, and aggression in schizophrenic patients","volume":"28","author":"Krakowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1229.104497","article-title":"Polypharmacy in psychiatry: a review","volume":"11","author":"Kukreja","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mens Sana Monogr"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1995.10484300","article-title":"Some simple robust methods for the analysis of recurrent events","volume":"37","author":"Lawless","year":"1995","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200109000-00003","article-title":"Use of pharmacy data to assess quality of pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia in a national health care system: individual and facility predictors","volume":"39","author":"Leslie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22253","article-title":"Anger assessment in clinical and nonclinical populations: further validation of the state-trait anger expression inventory-2","volume":"72","author":"Lievaart","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.22","article-title":"Italian validation of MOAS and NOSIE: a useful package for psychiatric assessment and monitoring of aggressive behaviors","volume":"14","author":"Margari","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852918001438","article-title":"Aggressiveness and violence in psychiatric patients: a clinical or social paradigm?","volume":"24","author":"Mauri","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0036","volume-title":"SCID, intervista clinica strutturata per il DSM-IV","author":"Mazzi","year":"2000"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v64n0902","article-title":"Polypharmacy in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"64","author":"McCue","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145713000837","article-title":"History, background, concepts and current use of comedication and polypharmacy in psychiatry","volume":"17","author":"M\u00f6ller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0039","first-page":"21:287","article-title":"Italian version of the \u201cSpecific Level of Functioning","author":"Montemagni","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Psychopathol"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.09.012","article-title":"Searching for neural and behavioral parameters that predict anti-aggressive effects of chronic SSRI treatment in rats","volume":"143","author":"Peeters","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pra.0000281486.34817.8b","article-title":"The evolution of antipsychotic drug therapy: reserpine, chlorpromazine, and haloperidol","volume":"13","author":"Preskorn","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Pract"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370104600404","article-title":"Antipsychotic polypharmacy: a survey of discharge prescriptions from a tertiary care psychiatric institution","volume":"46","author":"Procyshyn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716656830","article-title":"From clozapine to cognitive remediation","volume":"62","author":"Quinn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0060","article-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.1185\/030079907X233359","article-title":"Incidence and costs of polypharmacy: data from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of risperidone and quetiapine in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder","volume":"23","author":"Rupnow","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-827174","article-title":"High dose antipsychotic use in schizophrenia: findings of the REAP (research on east Asia psychotropic prescriptions) study","volume":"37","author":"Sim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2012.01841.x","article-title":"Antipsychotic polypharmacy: never say never, but never say always","volume":"125","author":"Stahl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v65n1212","article-title":"Reducing violence risk in persons with schizophrenia: olanzapine versus risperidone","volume":"65","author":"Swanson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.042630","article-title":"Comparison of antipsychotic medication effects on reducing violence in people with schizophrenia","volume":"193","author":"Swanson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0046","first-page":"263","article-title":"[Anti-aggressive effect of beta-blockers]","volume":"19","author":"Thibaut","year":"1993","journal-title":"Encephale"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyz037","article-title":"Psychopharmacological treatment of schizophrenia over time in 30\u2009908 inpatients: data from the AMSP study","volume":"22","author":"Toto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.11.007","article-title":"Efficacy of clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder assessed with nurses observation scale for inpatient evaluation","volume":"76","author":"Volavka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.10m06529","article-title":"Efficacy of antipsychotic drugs against hostility in the European First-Episode Schizophrenia Trial (EUFEST)","volume":"72","author":"Volavka","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852913000849","article-title":"Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs against hostility in patients with schizophrenia in the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) study","volume":"19","author":"Volavka","year":"2014","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006924","article-title":"Antipsychotic prescribing practices in the Veterans Healthcare Administration\u2013New York metropolitan region","volume":"28","author":"Weissman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2020052705595476000_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.46.4.386","article-title":"18-month outcome of clozapine treatment for 100 patients in a state psychiatric hospital","volume":"46","author":"Wilson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ijnp\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ijnp\/pyaa005\/32787340\/pyaa005.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ijnp\/article-pdf\/23\/5\/300\/33314625\/pyaa005.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ijnp\/article-pdf\/23\/5\/300\/33314625\/pyaa005.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T10:00:21Z","timestamp":1590573621000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ijnp\/article\/23\/5\/300\/5716914"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ijnp\/pyaa005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1461-1457","1469-5111"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1461-1457","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-5111","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]]}}}