{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T13:34:04Z","timestamp":1781703244502,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,13]],"date-time":"2020-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"U.S. National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P30 DA046345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DA046345"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"ClinicalTrials.gov","award":["NCT02357901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCT02357901"]}]},{"name":"Indivior, Inc.","award":["NCT02357901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCT02357901"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Buprenorphine treatment is not equally effective in all patients with opioid use disorder (OUD). Two retrospective studies showed that, among African Americans (AAs), rs678849, a polymorphism in the delta-opioid receptor gene, moderated the therapeutic effect of sublingual buprenorphine.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We examined rs678849 as a moderator of the response to an extended-release subcutaneous buprenorphine formulation (BUP-XR) in a 24-week OUD treatment study of 127 AAs and 327 European Americans (EAs). Participants were randomly assigned to receive: (1) BUP-XR as 2 monthly injections of 300 mg followed by either 300 mg monthly or 100 mg monthly for 4 months, or (2) monthly volume-matched placebo injections. Generalized estimating equations logistic regression analyses tested, per population group, the main and interaction effects of treatment (BUP-XR vs placebo) and genotype group (rs678849*CC vs CT\/TT) on weekly urine drug screens (UDS).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Among AAs, the placebo group had higher rates of opioid-positive UDS than the BUP-XR group (log odds ratio = 1.67, 95% CI = 0.36, 2.98), but no genotype by treatment effect (P = .80). Among EAs, the placebo group also showed higher rates of opioid-positive UDS than the BUP-XR group (log odds ratio = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.14, 2.79) but a significant genotype by treatment interaction (\u03c7\u200a2(1) = 4.33, P = .04).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We found a moderating effect of rs678849 on the response to buprenorphine treatment of OUD in EAs, but not AAs. These findings require replication in well-powered, prospective studies of both AA and EA OUD patients treated with BUP-XR and stratified on rs678849 genotype.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyaa069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,8]],"date-time":"2020-09-08T03:38:06Z","timestamp":1599536286000},"page":"89-96","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Delta-Opioid Receptor Gene Polymorphism Moderates the Therapeutic Response to Extended-Release Buprenorphine in Opioid Use Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1018-0450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry R","family":"Kranzler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center of the Veterans Integrated Service Network 4, Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin G","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center of the Veterans Integrated Service Network 4, Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard C","family":"Crist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Hartwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman 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