{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T16:23:27Z","timestamp":1758817407961,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>From the earliest days of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there have been reports of significant neurological and psychological symptoms following Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. This narrative review is designed to examine the potential psychoneuroendocrine pathogenic mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 elicits psychiatric sequelae as well as to posit potential pharmacologic strategies to address and reverse these pathologies. Following a brief overview of neurological and psychological sequelae from previous viral pandemics, we address mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 could enter or otherwise elicit changes in the CNS. We then examine the hypothesis that COVID-19\u2013induced psychiatric disorders result from challenges to the neuroendocrine system, in particular the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress axis and monoamine synthesis, physiological mechanisms that are only further enhanced by the pandemic-induced social environment of fear, isolation, and socioeconomic pressure. Finally, we evaluate several FDA-approved therapeutics in the context of COVID-19\u2013induced psychoneuroendocrine disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyab069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T04:37:09Z","timestamp":1634099829000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 Psychiatric Sequelae: A Review of Neuroendocrine Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4940-7253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary G","family":"Hornick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Roosevelt University, College of Science, Health and Pharmacy, Schaumburg, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret E","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roosevelt University, College of Science, Health and Pharmacy, Schaumburg, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arun L","family":"Jadhav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roosevelt University, College of Science, Health and Pharmacy, Schaumburg, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022011307474873200_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-018-2679-4","article-title":"ACE2 in brain physiology and pathophysiology: evidence from transgenic animal models","volume":"44","author":"Alenina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"2022011307474873200_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2020.10.014","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 viral infection on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis","volume":"27","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr 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