{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T22:37:33Z","timestamp":1787697453594,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Biomedical Neuroscience Institute","award":["ICM MINECOM ICMP09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ICM MINECOM ICMP09"]}]},{"name":"NuMIND","award":["NC130011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NC130011"]}]},{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valpara\u00edso","award":["no. ICN09-022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no. ICN09-022"]}]},{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valpara\u00edso","award":["1190833"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1190833"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Approximately 30% of individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) are resistant to conventional antipsychotic drug therapy (AP). Of these, one-third are also resistant to the second-line treatment, clozapine. Treatment resistance and refractoriness are associated with increased morbidity and disability, making timely detection of these issues critical. Variability in treatment responsiveness is partly genetic, but research has yet to identify variants suitable for personalizing antipsychotic prescriptions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We evaluated potential associations between response to AP and candidate gene variants previously linked to SZ or treatment response. Two groups of patients with SZ were evaluated: one receiving clozapine (n = 135) and the other receiving another second-generation AP (n = 61). Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes OXT, OXTR, CNR1, DDC, and DRD2 were analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Several SNPs were associated with response vs. resistance to AP or clozapine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is the first study of its kind, to our knowledge, in our admixed Chilean population to address the complete treatment response spectrum. We identified SNPs predictive of treatment-resistant SZ in the genes OXT, CNR1, DDC, and DRD2.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyac025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T11:28:56Z","timestamp":1649849336000},"page":"701-708","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Polymorphisms in Schizophrenia-Related Genes Are Potential Predictors of Antipsychotic Treatment Resistance and Refractoriness"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Zazueta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program in Nutrition and Food, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tito","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Fisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso , Valpara\u00edso , Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Cavieres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Department, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso , Valpara\u00edso , Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Fisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso , Valpara\u00edso , Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximiliano","family":"Abarca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Department, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso , Valpara\u00edso , Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo R","family":"Nieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Psychiatric Clinic, Clinical Hospital, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health (North Division), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Deneken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Psychiatric Clinic, Clinical Hospital, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile"},{"name":"Human Genetics Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Araneda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Gen\u00e9tica y Biotecnolog\u00eda en Acuicultura, Departamento de Producci\u00f3n Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Agron\u00f3micas, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo 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