{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T06:58:54Z","timestamp":1791529134166,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]],"date-time":"2022-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DFG MU3535\/2-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG MU3535\/2-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DFG 290878970-GRK2271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG 290878970-GRK2271"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MU3535\/2-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MU3535\/2-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hyperconsolidation of aversive associations and poor extinction learning have been hypothesized to be crucial in the acquisition of pathological fear. Previous animal and human research points to the potential role of the catecholaminergic system, particularly noradrenaline and dopamine, in acquiring emotional memories. Here, we investigated in a between-participants design with 3 groups whether the noradrenergic alpha-2 adrenoreceptor antagonist yohimbine and the dopaminergic D2-receptor antagonist sulpiride modulate long-term fear conditioning and extinction in humans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty-five healthy male students were recruited. The final sample consisted of n\u2009=\u200951 participants who were explicitly aware of the contingencies between conditioned stimuli (CS) and unconditioned stimuli after fear acquisition. The participants were then randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 groups and received either yohimbine (10 mg, n\u2009=\u200917), sulpiride (200 mg, n\u2009=\u200916), or placebo (n\u2009=\u200918) between fear acquisition and extinction. Recall of conditioned (non-extinguished CS+ vs CS\u2212) and extinguished fear (extinguished CS+ vs CS\u2212) was assessed 1 day later, and a 64-channel electroencephalogram was recorded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The yohimbine group showed increased salivary alpha-amylase activity, confirming a successful manipulation of central noradrenergic release. Elevated fear-conditioned bradycardia and larger differential amplitudes of the N170 and late positive potential components in the event-related brain potential indicated that yohimbine treatment (compared with a placebo and sulpiride) enhanced fear recall during day 2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results suggest that yohimbine potentiates cardiac and central electrophysiological signatures of fear memory consolidation. They thereby elucidate the key role of noradrenaline in strengthening the consolidation of conditioned fear associations, which may be a key mechanism in the etiology of fear-related disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyac038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]],"date-time":"2022-06-24T05:53:58Z","timestamp":1656050038000},"page":"759-773","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Alpha-2 Adrenoreceptor Antagonist Yohimbine Potentiates Consolidation of Conditioned Fear"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5011-0780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias F J","family":"Sperl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Personality Psychology and Assessment, University of Marburg , Marburg , Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Giessen , Giessen , Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, & Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital , Belmont, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6692-8555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Panitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Personality Psychology and Assessment, University of Marburg , Marburg , Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Experimental Psychology and Methods, University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany"},{"name":"Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4140-2423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadine","family":"Skoluda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2430-5090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urs M","family":"Nater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7772-1143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego A","family":"Pizzagalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, & Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital , Belmont, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5969-2898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christiane","family":"Hermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 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